Method for binding a recombinant polypeptide to a carrier

ABSTRACT

The present invention refers to a method for binding a recombinant polypeptide to a carrier, wherein a layer is bound to a carrier, and the layer comprises a recombinant polypeptide on the surface distal to the carrier.

The present invention refers to a method for binding a recombinantpolypeptide to a carrier, wherein a layer is bound to a carrier andcomprises a recombinant polypeptide on the surface distal to thecarrier. The present invention also refers to a carrier comprising arecombinant polypeptide in a layer, wherein said layer is bound to thecarrier and comprises the recombinant polypeptide on the surface distalto the carrier. The present invention also refers to a host celldisplaying the recombinant polypeptide on the surface. The presentinvention also refers to a membrane preparation comprising therecombinant polypeptide.

Immunoassays have been widely used for medical diagnosis, environmentalmonitoring, forensic tests. Based on the highly specificantigen-antibody interactions, the immunoassays can detect targetanalytes in complex mixture samples, such as human blood. Conventionalimmunoassays have exploited solid supports such as microplates,immunosticks, and so on for the immobilization of antibodies (orantigens). For the sensitive detection of a target analyte, theimmobilized antibodies should be oriented to expose the binding pocketsat F_(ab) regions of each antibody molecule towards target analytes. Theportion of such well-oriented antibodies was reported to be less than20% by physical adsorption of antibodies.

Until recently, various methods have been tried for the orientationcontrol of antibodies in order to improve the sensitivity ofimmunoassays. Protein A has been most frequently used for theorientation control of antibodies by using the affinity of protein Atowards the F_(c) region of the antibodies (IgG). For immunoassays,protein A was first coated on a microplate, and then the antibodies wereimmobilized to the microplate with a controlled orientation. The highaffinity of avidin or streptavidin toward the biotin molecule was alsoused for the orientation control of antibodies. For immunoassays, avidinor streptavidin was first coated on a microplate, and then antibodiesconjugated with biotin were bound to the avidin or streptavidin on themicroplate. As the amino groups used for the biotinylation were known tobe located at the Fc region of the antibodies, the biotinylatedantibodies could be immobilized with a controlled orientation. In bothcases, the sensitivity of each immunoassay was reported to be improvedin comparison to the conventional immunoassays by the orientationcontrol effects.

Generally, the immunoaffinity (IA) biosensors utilize the highlyselective binding affinity of antibodies for the molecular recognitionof a target analyte in a complex mixture such as serum. The antigenbinding sites of antibodies (e.g. IgGs) are known to be localized at Fabregion, which is a relatively small part compared with the wholeantibody structure (Deisenhofer, 1981; Amit et al., 1986; Liddell,2001). Therefore, the antigen binding sites (Fab region) of antibodiesshould be exposed to the analyte solution for the analytes to bindeffectively to the IA biosensor (Luppa, 2001). Additionally, theantibodies should be immobilized with a high density for the sensitivedetection of a target analyte at a very low concentration. Theserequirements are called ‘orientation control’ and ‘density control’ ofantibodies, respectively (Chung et al., 2006a, see FIG. 21).

For the orientation control of antibodies, the specific affinity ofprotein A to the Fc region of antibodies has been exploited for IAbiosensors as well as conventional immunoassays (Anderson et al., 1997;Bae et al., 2005; Chung et al., 2006a; Kanno et al., 2000; Lu et al.,1996; Owaku et al., 1995). Protein A originates from Staphylococcusaureus and has five domains including the Z-domain with Fc -bindingactivity (Deisenhofer et al., 1978). The IgG-binding affinityK_(a)(rlgG) is 4.1×10⁸. Protein A has molecular weight of 42 kDa.However, protein A molecules should also be aligned with a suitableorientation for the orientation control of antibodies on two dimensionaltransducer surfaces.

Different systems have been applied for the surface display ofheterologous proteins in yeast, gram-positive, and gram-negativebacteria. Autodisplay is a very elegant way to express a recombinantprotein on the surface of a gram-negative bacterium. Autodisplay isbased on the secretion mechanism of the autotransporter family ofproteins. These proteins are synthesized as polyprotein precursors thatcontain structural requirements sufficient for secretion. They cross theinner membrane using a typical signal peptide at the very N-terminus.Arrived in the periplasm, the C-terminal part of the precursor foldsinto the outer membrane as a porin-like structure, a so-called β-barrel.Through this pore, the N-terminal attached passenger domain istranslocated to the surface. There, it might be cleaved off—eitherautoproteolytically or by an additional protease—or remains anchored tothe cell envelope by the transporter domain. Replacing the naturalpassenger by a recombinant protein results in its proper surfacetranslocation. For this purpose an artificial precursor must beconstructed by genetic engineering, consisting of a signal peptide, therecombinant passenger, the n-barrel and a linking region in between,which is needed to achieve full surface access. The AIDA-Iautotransporter was successfully used in this way for efficient surfacedisplay of various passenger domains (Henderson et al., 2004).

In particular, the autodisplay technology is an expression method forpredetermined proteins on the surface of the outer membrane of E. coliand other Gram-negative bacteria. The recombinant passenger protein canbe transported simply by introducing its coding sequence in-framebetween the signal peptide and the translocating domain of theautodisplaying vector. The signal peptide can be obtained from thecholera toxin-subunit (CTB) and may be combined with an artificialpromoter. Therefore, the passenger protein, intended for thetranslocation across the outer membrane, is expressed as arecombinant-fusion protein with another protein called autotransporterat the outer membrane of E. coli (AIDA-I) (Jose, 2006). The C-terminalpart of the auto-transporter proteins forms a porin-like structure(β-barrel) within the outer membrane of E. coli. By the aid of thispore, the recombinant passenger protein is translocated to the surfaceof the outer membrane of E. coli (Jose, 1995, 2006, 2007).

There is a need for better controlling the orientation of recombinantlyexpressed polypeptides when attaching them to a carrier, so that a largeproportion of the polypeptide exposes a desired portion which may bespecifically accessed by binding molecules. A method is required toincrease the proportion of well-oriented polypeptides bound to thesurface of a carrier. Furthermore, a high density of the recombinantlyexpressed polypeptides on the surface should be achieved. By improvementof orientation, sensitivity of sensors for analyte detection could beimproved.

A first aspect of the present invention is a method for binding arecombinant polypeptide to a carrier, wherein a layer is bound to acarrier, and the layer comprises a recombinant polypeptide on thesurface distal to the carrier, said method comprising the steps:

(a) providing a host cell transformed with a nucleic acid fusionoperatively linked with an expression control sequence, said nucleicacid fusion comprising:

-   -   (i) a portion encoding a signal peptide,    -   (ii) a portion encoding the recombinant polypeptide to be        displayed,    -   (iii) a portion encoding a transmembrane linker, and    -   (iv) a portion encoding the transporter domain of an        autotransporter,

(b) culturing the host cell under conditions wherein the nucleic acidfusion is expressed and the expression product comprising therecombinant polypeptide is displayed on the surface of the host cell,and

(c) preparing membrane particles from the host cell of (b),

(d) contacting the membrane particles prepared in step (c) with asurface of a carrier so that the membrane particles form a layer boundto the surface, wherein the recombinant polypeptide is located on thesurface distal to the carrier.

Another aspect of the present invention is a method for producing acarrier, wherein a layer is bound to a carrier, and the layer comprisesa recombinant polypeptide on the surface distal to the carrier, saidmethod comprising the steps:

(a) providing a host cell transformed with a nucleic acid fusionoperatively linked with an expression control sequence, said nucleicacid fusion comprising:

-   -   (i) a portion encoding a signal peptide,    -   (ii) a portion encoding the recombinant polypeptide to be        displayed,    -   (iii) a portion encoding a transmembrane linker, and    -   (iv) a portion encoding the transporter domain of an        autotransporter,

(b) culturing the host cell under conditions wherein the nucleic acidfusion is expressed and the expression product comprising therecombinant polypeptide is displayed on the surface of the host cell,and

(c) preparing membrane particles from the host cell of (b),

(d) contacting the membrane particles prepared in step (c) with asurface of a carrier so that the membrane particles form a layer boundto the surface, wherein the recombinant polypeptide is located on thesurface distal to the carrier.

The methods of the present invention provide carriers with an improvedlimit of detection by improvement of orientation and density of therecombinant polypeptide to be attached to the carrier. The sensitivitymay be increased by a factor of at least 10 compared with a carriercomprising the recombinant polypeptide randomly oriented on the surface.

The recombinant polypeptide to be displayed may also be termed“passenger”, “passenger polypeptide” or “passenger protein”.

“Distal surface” of the membrane preparation indicates the surface whichis exposed to the surrounding medium, in contrast to that part of themembrane preparation which is in contact with the carrier.

Step (a) of the methods of the present invention refers to the provisionof a host cell. The host cell used in the method of the presentinvention is preferably a bacterium, more preferably a gram-negativebacterium, particularly an enterobacterium such as E. coli.

According to the present invention, a host cell, particularly a hostbacterium is provided which is transformed with a nucleic acid fusionoperatively linked with an expression control sequence, i.e. a promoter,and optionally further sequences required for gene expression in therespective host cell. The skilled person knows suitable promoters andexpression control sequences. The promoter or/and the expression controlsequence may be homologous or heterologous to the host cell. Preferably,the nucleic acid fusion is located on a recombinant vector, e.g. aplasmid vector. The host cell may be transformed with at least onenucleic acid fusion, for instance two, three, four, five or even morenucleic acid fusions. If two or more nucleic acid fusions aretransformed into a host cell, the nucleic acid fusions preferably encodedifferent recombinant polypeptides as described herein. If a host celltransformed with several nucleic acid fusions is used, these nucleicacid fusions may be located on a single vector or on a plurality ofvectors.

At least one host cell as described herein, for instance two, three,four, five, six or even more host cells as described herein may beprovided in the methods of the present invention. Each of these hostcells is transformed with one nucleic acid fusion or at least onenucleic acid fusion, as described herein. Preferably, the nucleic acidfusions transformed in the at least one host cell encode differentrecombinant polypeptides as described herein.

The different recombinant polypeptides which may be provided in one orat least one host cell may form a functional unit, for instance thesubunits of a functional unit, such as the subunits of an enzyme or thesubunits or/and components of an enzyme complex.

The nucleic acid fusion comprises (i) a portion encoding a signalpeptide, preferably a portion coding for a gram-negative signal peptideallowing for transport into the periplasm through the inner cellmembrane. The signal peptide may be a signal peptide homologous to thehost cell. The signal peptide may also be a signal peptide heterologousto the host cell.

Further, the nucleic acid fusion comprises (ii) a portion encoding therecombinant polypeptide to be displayed.

Furthermore, the nucleic acid fusion comprises (iii) a portion encodinga transmembrane linker which is required for the presentation of thepassenger polypeptide (ii) on the outer surface of the outer membrane ofthe host cell. A transmembrane linker domain may be used which ishomologous with regard to the autotransporter, i.e. the transmembranelinker domain is encoded by a nucleic acid portion directly 5′ to theautotransporter domain. Also a transmembrane linker domain may be usedwhich is heterologous with regard to the autotransporter. The length ofthe transmembrane linker is preferably 30-160 amino acids.

Further, the nucleic acid fusion comprises (iv) a transporter domain ofan autotransporter. In the context of the present invention, autodisplaymay be the recombinant surface display of proteins or polypeptides bymeans of an autotransporter in any Gram-negative bacterium. Thetransporter domain of the autotransporter according to the invention canbe any transporter domain of an autotransporter and is preferablycapable of forming a β-barrel structure. A detailed description of theβ-barrel structure and preferred examples of β-barrel autotransportersare disclosed in WO97/35022 incorporated herein by reference. Hendersonet al. (2004) describes autotransporter proteins which comprise suitableautotransporter domains (for summary, see Table 1 of Henderson et al.,2004). The disclosure of Henderson et al. (2004) is included herein byreference. For example, the transporter domain of the autotransportermay be selected from Ssp (P09489, S. marcescens), Ssp-h1 (BAA33455, S.marcescens), Ssp-h2 (BAA11383, S. marcescens), PspA (BAA36466, P.fluorescens), PspB (BAA36467, P. fluorescens), Ssa1 (AAA80490, P.haemolytica), SphB1 (CAC44081, B. pertussis), AspA/NalP (AAN71715, N.meningitidis), VacA (Q48247, H. pylon), AIDA-I (Q03155, E. coli), IcsA(AAA26547, S. flexneri), MisL (AAD16954, S. enterica), TibA (AAD41751,E. coli), Ag43 (P39180, E. coli), ShdA (AAD25110, S. enterica), AutA(CAB89117, N. meningitidis), Tsh (154632, E. coli), SepA (CAC05786, S.flexneri), EspC (AAC44731, E. coli), EspP (CAA66144, E. coli), Pet(AAC26634, E. coli), Pic (AAD23953, E. coli), SigA (AAF67320, S.flexneri), Sat (AAG30168, E. coli), Vat (AA021903, E. coli), EpeA(AAL18821, E. coli), EatA (AAO17297, E. coli), EspI (CAC39286, E. coli),EaaA (AAF63237, E. coli), EaaC (AAF63038, E. coli), Pertactin (P14283,B. pertussis), BrkA (AAA51646, B. pertussis), Tef (AAQ82668, B.pertussis), Vag8 (AAC31247, B. pertussis), PmpD (084818, C.trachomatis), Pmp20 (Q9Z812, C. pneumoniae), Pmp21 (Q9Z6U5, C.pneumoniae), IgA1 protease (NP_(—)283693, N. meningitidis), App(CAC14670, N. meningitidis), IgA1 protease (P45386, H. influenzae), Hap(P45387, H. influenzae), rOmpA (P15921, R. rickettsii), rOmpB (Q53047,R. rickettsii), ApeE (AAC38796, S. enterica), EstA (AAB61674, P.aeruginosa), Lip-1 (P40601, X. luminescens), McaP (AAP97134, M.catarrhalis), BabA (AAC38081, H. pylon), SabA (AAD06240, H. pylori),AlpA (CAB05386, H. pylon), Aae (AAP21063, A. actinomycetemcomitans),NanB (AAG35309, P. haemolytica), and variants of these autotransporters.Given in brackets for each of the exemplary autotransporter proteins areexamples of suitable genbank accession numbers and species from whichthe autotransporter may be obtained. Preferably the transporter domainof the autotransporter is the E. coli AIDA-I protein or a variantthereof, such as e.g. described by Niewert U., Frey A., Voss T., LeBouguen C., Baljer G., Franke S., Schmidt M A. The AIDA AutotransporterSystem is Associated with F18 and Stx2e in Escherichia coli Isolatesfrom Pigs Diagnosed with Edema Disease and Postweaning Diarrhea. Clin.Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 2001 January, 8(1):143-149;9.

Variants of the above indicated autotransporter sequences can e.g. beobtained by altering the amino acid sequence in the loop structures ofthe β-barrel not participating in the transmembrane portions.Optionally, the nucleic acid portions coding for the surface loops canbe deleted completely. Also within the amphipathic β-sheet conservedamino exchanges, i.e. the exchange of an hydrophilic by anotherhydrophilic amino acid or/and the exchange of a hydrophobic by anotherhydrophobic amino acid may take place. Preferably, a variant has asequence identity of at least 70%, at least 90%, at least 95% or atleast 98% on the amino acid level to the respective native sequence ofthe autotransporter domain, in particular in the range of the β-sheets.

Step (b) of the methods of the present invention refers to culturing thehost cell under conditions wherein the nucleic acid fusion is expressedand the expression product comprising the recombinant polypeptide isdisplayed on the surface of the host cell. The person skilled in the artknows suitable culture conditions. The method according to the inventionallows for an efficient expression of passenger proteins on the surfaceof host cells, particularly E. coli or other gram-negative bacterialcells up to 100 000 or more molecules per cell by using a liquid mediumof the following composition: 5 g/l to 20 g/l, preferably about 10 g/ltrypton, 2 g/l to 10 g/l, preferably about 5 g/l yeast extract, 5 g/l to20 g/l, in particular about 10 g/l NaCl and the remaining part water.The medium should possibly contain as little as possible divalentcations, thus preferably Aqua bidest or highly purified water, e.g.Millipore water is used. The liquid medium may contain in additionpreferably EDTA in a concentration of 2 μM to 20 μM, in particular 10μM. Moreover, it contains preferably reducing reagents, such as2-mercapto ethanol or dithiotreitol or dithioerythritol in a preferredconcentration of 2 mM to 20 mM. The reducing reagents favour anon-folded structure of the polypeptide during transport. The liquidmedium can further contain additional C-sources, preferably glucose,e.g. in an amount of up to 10 g/l, in order to favour secretion i.e.transfer of the passenger to the surrounding medium. For surface displaypreferably no additional C-source is added. Preferred culture conditionsfor Gram-negative cells, such as E. coli, are described in the Examples.

The components (i) to (iv) in the nucleic acid fusion of the presentinvention are preferably oriented from 5′ to 3′. In the expressionproduct obtained in step (b), the amino acid sequences encoded bynucleic acid sequences (i) to (iv) are preferably arranged N terminal toC terminal.

Step (c) of the methods of the present invention refers to preparingmembrane particles. The membrane particles may be membrane vesicles.Preferred membrane particles are outer membrane particles. In particularstep (c) refers to preparing outer membrane particles of cellsdisplaying a recombinant polypeptide on the surface, e.g. ofGram-negative bacterial cells. The person skilled in the art knowssuitable conditions (e.g. Hantke, 1981, Schultheiss et al., 2002).Typical conditions for preparing membrane particles are employed in theexamples of the present invention. Outer membrane particles from a hostcell as described herein may be performed by a method comprising thesteps:

(a) treating the host cell with a hydrolase (such as lysozyme) andoptionally with a DNAse. This enzymatic treatment may be performed atroom temperature. The hydrolase hydrolyses the cell wall within theperiplasmatic space. The cell wall comprises peptidoglycans to behydrolyzed.

(b) optionally solubilizing the preparation of (a) with a tenside, suchas Triton X-100, or/and with sarcosine, followed by optionalcentrifugation of cell debris. The thus obtained preparation of outermembrane particles may be centrifuged, washed and resuspended.

In a host cell being a Gram-negative bacterium, such as E. coli, aftertranslocation, the recombinant passenger remains attached to the surfaceof the outer membrane by the β-barrel, which is serving as an anchorwithin the outer membrane. Due to the controlled integration of theβ-barrel within the outer membrane, the C terminal part of the β-barrelis directed to the inner side of the outer membrane, whereas theN-terminal part of the linker, to which the recombinant passengerprotein is covalently bound, is directed to the outer surface of theouter membrane, i.e. the environment. The recombinant passenger proteinhas an oriented location after transport, namely it is directed to thecellular surface. The recombinant passenger protein has the identicalorientation as the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer which may be presentin the outer membrane.

In the present invention, membrane particles, in particular outermembrane particles are prepared and used for the orientation controlledcoating of carriers with recombinant proteins. Membrane particles of thepresent invention prepared from the host cell of the present inventioncomprise the recombinant peptide at the surface directed to theenvironment. In contrast to the inner membrane which is a unit membrane,the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, in particular E. coli, isasymmetric. The outer membrane may comprise an inner layer comprisingphospholipids and an outer layer comprising LPS. LPS is hydrophilic andmay contain several negative charges. By using outer membrane particleswith anchored passenger proteins by a β-barrel for the coating ofcarriers, the outer side of the outer membrane, in particular the LPSside will be directed to the surface distal to the carrier. As aconsequence the recombinant protein or a domain thereof, which areintegrated in the outer membrane by autodisplay, will be directed to thesurface distal to the carrier as well. The core part of the membraneparticles may stabilize the interaction of the outer membrane layerobtained by applying outer membrane particles to the carrier byhydrophobic interactions and may contain lipoproteins or peptidoglycans.

Step (d) of the methods of the present invention refers to contactingthe membrane particles with a surface of a carrier so that the membraneparticles form a layer bound to the surface, wherein the recombinantpolypeptide is located on the surface distal to the carrier. Contactingthe membrane particles with the surface may performed in a hydrophilicmedium, such as an aqueous medium, for instance a buffer such as PBS.

When the membrane particles with a hydrophilic surface are contactedwith a surface, in particular a hydrophobic surface, the particles forman ordered layer through the hydrophobic interactions. In the method ofthe present invention, membrane preparations comprising a recombinantlyexpressed polypeptide are used. As described herein, the membraneparticles may comprise hydrophilic LPS and the recombinant proteinlocated at the surface. When the membrane particles form a layer on thesurface of the carrier, hydrophobic interactions may induce a contactbetween the surface and the core portion of the membrane particles. Thatportion of the membrane particles comprising the recombinant polypeptideand the LPS is oriented to the surrounding medium, which may be ahydrophilic medium. Thus, formation of a layer on the surface of thecarrier leads to recombinant polypeptides located at the distal surfacewith respect to the carrier.

A layer bound to the surface may be formed by contacting the surfacewith a liquid comprising membrane particles of the present invention, inparticular outer membrane particles, as described herein. The membraneparticles preferably form a suspension. The liquid comprising themembrane particles may be prepared at a protein concentration in therange of 50 to 500 μg/ml, wherein the protein is the protein containedin the membrane particles. Preferred is a concentration of about 100μg/ml or about 300 μg/ml protein. The liquid may be prepared in abuffer, for instance PBS.

The membrane particles of the present invention may comprise ahydrophilic surface. The hydrophilic surface of the membrane particlesmay be caused by negative charges on the surface, for instance by theLPS layer at the surface of the host cell, such as an E. coli cell.Bacterial cells, in particular Gram-negative bacterial cells, maycontain a lipopolysaccharide layer on the surface. The negative surfacecharge of the host cell used for preparing the membrane particles anddisplaying the recombinant polypeptide, for instance an E. coli cell,may be in the range of −20 mV to −30 mV, −21 mV to −26 mV, or −22 to −25mV in terms of the zeta potential.

The diameter of the membrane particles may be in the range of 1 nm to1000 nm, in the range of 50 nm to 500 nm, in the range of 75 to 200 nm,or in the range of 90 to 120 nm. At least 80%, at least 90%, at least95%, or at least 98% of the membrane particles may have a diameter in arange selected from the ranges described herein.

In the method of the present invention, the surface of the carrier is ahydrophobic surface. Hydrophilic surfaces may have a contact angle below30°. Hydrophobic surfaces may have a contact angle of more than 90°. Aincreasing surface angle of more than 30° indicates a graduallyincreasing hydrophobicity of a surface. In the context of the presentinvention, a hydrophobic surface may have a contact angle of at least40°. The surface preferably has a hydrophobicity described by a contactangle of at least 40°, at least 50°, at least 60°, at least 65°, atleast 70°. Contact angles are preferably determined by the sessile dropmethod. The sessile drop method is a standard method for determiningcontact angles. Measurements may be performed with a contact anglegoniometer. Preferred contact angles of the hydrophobic surface are in arange of 40° to 100°, 50° to 90°, or 60° to 80°.

The surface employed in the method of the present invention may be ametal surface. A suitable metal surface has a contact angle e.g. in therange of 50° to 80°. A suitable metal may be selected from gold, silver,titanium, aluminium and alloys such as brass. A preferred surface is agold surface. The gold surface may be employed as it is. An untreatedgold surface has a hydrophobicity suitable for the method of the presentinvention. A treatment of the gold surface with thiolated hydrocarbonsor hydrocarbons with functional groups such as carboxylic acids orhydroxyl groups is not required.

Another preferred surface comprises a polymer, for instance a surfaceusually employed in disposable materials for use in biochemical or/andmedical science. The polymer may be an artificial polymer. Examples ofartificial polymers include a polymer selected from polystyrenes,polypropylenes, and polycarbonates. The polystyrene may be produced from[2,2]paracyclophane monomers. Polystyrene surfaces may be treated withoxygene plasma introducing OH or/and methylene groups in order to modifythe hydrophobicity. Examples of such modified surfaces includeMaxi-sorp, Medi-sorp, Multi-sorp, and Poly-sorp surfaces. Anothersuitable polystyrene surface is Parylene N produced from[2,2]paracyclophane monomers. Yet another suitable surface is Parylene A[Poly(monoamino-p-xylene)]. Especially suitable are surfaces comprisinga polymer having a hydrophobicity described by a contact angle of atleast 50°. Suitable surfaces are selected from polystyrene, Parylene A,Parylene N, Maxi-sorp, Medi-sorp, Multi-sorp, and Poly-sorp. Preferredsurfaces are selected from polystyrene, Parylene A, Parylene N,Maxi-sorp, Medi-sorp, and Poly-sorp.

The surface may comprise a natural polymer. Suitable natural polymersinclude polybutyrate and cellulose and derivatives thereof.

A further surface is provided by latex particles, in particular latexbeads.

Yet another surface is provided by C18-modified particles, in particularC18-modified monolithic silica particles. C18 refers to an alkyl groupcomprising 18 carbon atoms. C18-modified particles are known in the art.

Yet another suitable surface is a glass surface.

The surface may be modified is order to adjust the hydrophobicity.Modification may be performed by chemical treatment (i.e. by oxygenplasma), physical treatment (e.g. by laser irradiation or/andradioactive irradiation), or by mechanical treatment.

In the method of the present invention, any polypeptide capable of beingsurface displayed may be employed. The length of the recombinantpolypeptide to be displayed, i.e. the passenger polypeptide, may be inthe range of from 5-3000 amino acids, in the range from 10-1500 aminoacids, in the range of 20 to 1000 amino acids or in the range of 50 to500 amino acids.

The recombinant polypeptide of the present invention may be apolypeptide capable of specifically binding a molecule. Such moleculemay be an analyte molecule in a sample, or may be a binding molecule. Inthe context of the present invention, “binding molecule” may be anymolecule capable of binding a molecule, either by convalent ornon-covalent binding. Binding may be specific or non-specific binding.Examples of binding molecules employed in the present invention areantibodies, streptavidin, avidin, protein A, protein M and protein G.The binding molecule may also be any molecule, as described herein,which is capable of specifically binding a recombinant polypeptide ofthe present invention, wherein the recombinant polypeptide may beselected from antibodies, fragments and variants thereof, protein A,fragments and variants thereof, streptavidin, fragments and variantsthereof, avidin, fragments and variants thereof, M proteins fromStreptococci, fragments and variants thereof, protein G, fragments andvariants thereof. An example of polypeptides binding the A protein areIgG antibodies. The antibody may for instance be an anti-CRP antibody oran anti-S100B antibody. The binding molecule may also be biotin,optionally coupled to a third molecule, which third molecule may be adetectable label.

The skilled person knows detectable labels. A detectable label, as usedherein, may include luminescent label, such as fluorescein andderivatives thereof.

Example 4 describes the use of streptavidin in the production of acarrier (biosensor) of the present invention by the method of thepresent invention.

Specific embodiments of the present invention refer to combinations ofthe recombinant polypeptide and binding molecules as follows: Therecombinant polypeptide may be protein A or the Z domain thereof, asdescribed herein, and the binding molecule may be an IgG antibody, suchas an anti-CRP antibody or an anti-S100B antibody. The recombinantpolypeptide may be streptavidin or avidin, and the binding molecule maybe biotin, which biotin may be coupled to a third molecule, which thirdmolecule may be a detectable label.

The recombinant polypeptide employed in the method of the presentinvention may be a protein capable of specifically binding the F_(c)region of an antibody, for instance an IgG antibody. An example is the Aprotein from Staphylococcus aureus or a fragment or variant thereofcapable of binding an F_(c) domain. The Z domain is an example of suchfragment. Another example of an F_(c) binding protein is the M proteinfrom Streptococcus, or a fragment and variant thereof. The variants andfragments of the A protein and the M protein are capable of specificallybinding the F_(c) domain. Another example of a protein capable ofbinding IgG is the protein G from Streptococcus, or a fragment andvariant thereof, wherein fragments and variants are capable of bindingIgG.

The recombinant polypeptide employed in the method the present inventionmay be a molecule capable of specifically binding biotin. Examples ofsuch polypeptides are avidin, streptavidin and variants and fragmentsthereof, wherein the variant and fragments are capable of specificallybinding biotin.

The recombinant polypeptide employed in the method of the presentinvention may be an antibody, in particular an IgG antibody, or afragment or variant thereof, wherein the fragment or variant has theantigen binding properties of the antibody. A suitable fragmentcomprises the F_(ab) region. The person skilled in the art knowssuitable methods for the preparation of a nucleic acid encoding anantibody which is capable of specifically binding a predetermined targetstructure. Different nucleic acids may be prepared encoding the heavychain, the light chain, or/and a fragment or variant thereof. Saidnucleic acid may form part of the nucleic acid fusion as described instep (a), item (ii) in the methods of the present invention, wherein theheavy chain, the light chain, fragments or/and variants thereof may beencoded by separate nucleic acid fusions. The chains of the antibody maybe coupled to the autotransporter domain so that display of the fusionprotein of the present invention comprising the antibody sequenceexposes the antigen binding sites (F_(ab) region) to the surroundingmedium, and the F_(c) region, if present, is located close to themembrane layer.

For display of the antibody on the host cell, the host cell may comprisea first nucleic acid fusion and a second nucleic acid fusion, whereinthe first nucleic acid fusion comprises a sequence encoding the heavychain or a variant or fragment thereof, and the second nucleic acidcomprises a sequence encoding the light chain or a variant of fragmentthereof, wherein the variants and fragments have the antigen bindingproperties of the antibody. The nucleic acid fusions may be provided indifferent host cells.

The antibody as described in the various embodiments and aspects of thepresent invention may be a human antibody, an antibody from rabbit,horse, or goat, or may be obtained from any species the antibodies ofwhich are known to be employed in immunoassays or/and diagnosticmethods.

Preferably, a variant has a sequence identity of at least 70%, at least90%, at least 95% or at least 98% on the amino acid level to therespective native sequence. In an antibody variant, the degree ofidentity may refer to the framework region or/and the complementarydetermining region. In case of different complementary determiningregions, the degree of identity may refer to the framework region.

Preferably, a fragment has a length of at least 70%, at least 90%, atleast 95% or at least 98% on the amino acid level to the respectivenative sequence.

The recombinant polypeptide may be protein A, a fragment or variantthereof, streptavidin, a fragment or variant thereof, avidin, a fragmentor variant thereof, an M protein from Streptococci, a fragment orvariant thereof, protein G, a fragment or variant thereof.

The recombinant polypeptide may be an antibody, an antibody fragmente.g. a scFv fragment, a Fc fragment, a Fab fragment, a monovalentantibody (e.g. from camelids), a bivalent antibody, a nanobody, or anyother polypeptide derived directly or indirectly from antibodies withhuman, mouse, rat, goat, sheep or any other animal origin. The antibodymay be selected from a library by a laboratory evolution approach(directed evolution approach) or may be constructed by rational design.

The recombinant polypeptide may be a receptor, of prokaryotic oreukaryotic origin, e.g. eukaryotic cellular surface receptor, nuclearreceptor, hormone receptor, G-protein coupled receptor, receptor of thereceptor-tyrosine kinase type, MHC-molecule or a domain derived thereof,a T cell receptor or a domain derived thereof, a CD receptor in generalor a domain derived therefrom.

The recombinant polypeptide may be a ligand of prokaryotic or eukaryoticorigin, or maybe of artifical origin, i.e. may be selected from alibrary or designed by a rational approach.

The recombinant polypeptide may be an enzyme, monomoeric, dimeric,oligomeric, homodimeric, heterodimeric, homooligomeric, heterooligomericof eyucaryotic or prokaryotic origin.

It is preferred that the polypeptide comprises a sequence capable ofspecifically binding an analyte molecule in a sample, or/and to abinding molecule, such as a second polypeptide, which may be anantibody. The binding sequence of the recombinant polypeptide of thepresent invention may be a partial sequence of the recombinantpolypeptide. The binding sequence may be an epitope. The bindingsequence may have a length of 5 to 10 amino acids, 5 to 15, or 5 to 20amino acids. The binding sequence may be located in the N terminaldomain of the recombinant polypeptide. As described herein, theautotransporter domain may form a β-barrel structure which uponexpression in a host cell is anchored in the outer membrane of the hostcell. The autotransporter domain may be fused to the C-terminal portionof the recombinant polypeptide by the linker. In this case, the Cterminus of the recombinant polypeptide is located proximal to themembrane layer, and the N terminus is located distally. Location of thebinding sequence in the distal portion of the recombinant polypeptideensures best exposure of the sequence to the surrounding medium. In thecontext of the present invention, “proximal sequence” indicates thosesequences of the bound recombinant polypeptide located close to themembrane layer on the carrier. “Distal sequence” indicates thosesequences which are distant to the membrane layer on the carrier.

The method of the present invention may further comprise binding abinding molecule, as described herein, to the carrier, wherein thebinding molecule specifically binds to the recombinant polypeptide.

Yet another aspect of the present invention is a carrier comprising arecombinant polypeptide in a layer, wherein said layer is bound to thecarrier. Said layer comprises the recombinant polypeptide on the surfacedistal to the carrier, and said layer comprises membrane components of ahost cell expressing the recombinant polypeptide. The carrier ispreferably a biosensor. The carrier may be suitable for immunoassays,such as ELISA immunoassays.

The carrier may comprise a metal surface, in particular a gold surface.Such a carrier may be an SPR (surface plasmon resonance) biosensor or acapacitive biosensor. The carrier may also comprise a polymeric surface,wherein said surface comprise artificial or/and natural polymers. Thecarrier may also comprise a glass surface, wherein said surfaces contactto layer. Suitable surfaces including metal surfaces, polymeric surfacesand glass surfaces are described herein in the context of the methods ofthe present invention. The carrier may be provided in the form of beads,or may be provided in the form of a material suitable forchromatographic separation, for instance in a column. For example,magnetic beads may be used as carriers.

The carrier of the present invention may be produced by the methods ofthe present invention, as described herein. The methods of the presentinvention result in a carrier wherein the recombinant polypeptides areexposed to the surrounding medium. In particular, a predeterminedsequence is exposed to the surrounding medium. This goal is attained bycontacting the surface of the carrier with a membrane particlecomprising a fusion polypeptide. The fusion polypeptide comprises anautotransporter domain anchored in the membrane and a passengerpolypeptide (recombinant polypeptide) which is exposed to thesurrounding medium. By this procedure, essentially all recombinantpolypeptides expose a particular sequence to the surrounding medium.This particular sequence can be a predetermined sequence. Theautotransporter domain may be located in the C terminal region of thefusion polypeptide, and the recombinant polypeptide may be located inthe N terminal region. In this case, essentially all molecules exposethe N-terminal region of the fusion polypeptide to the surroundingmedium. Contacting the carrier with the membrane particles is describedherein in the context of the methods of the present invention.

“Biosensor” in the context of the present invention refers to a carriercomprising a recombinant polypeptide, wherein the recombinantpolypeptide is capable of specifically binding an analyte in a sample,or may be capable of specifically binding a binding molecule, asdescribed herein. In particular, said binding molecule is capable ofbinding an analyte. Binding of the binding molecule may be directly, orindirectly via at least one further molecule, for instance a linkermolecule. The analyte may be contained in a sample. The analyte bound tothe carrier can be detected or/and determined by a further antibodyspecific for the analyte, wherein the further antibody may comprise alabel. Suitable labeled antibodies are known. The analyte may also bedetected by surface plasmon resonance or/and capacitance measurement.Suitable techniques include cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedancespectroscopy analysis.

The biosensor of the present invention may be an SPR biosensor. Thebiosensor may also be a capacitive biosensor, in particular suitable forcyclic voltammetry (CV) or/and impedance spectroscopy analysis.

The carrier may comprise a molecular recognition layer which is thesurface bound layer comprising membrane components. “Molecularrecognition layer” indicates that molecules, such as binding moleculesor/and analytes, may specifically recognize a predetermined portion ofthe recombinant polypeptide.

The recombinant polypeptide on the carrier may be selected fromrecombinant polypeptides employed in the method for binding arecombinant polypeptide to a carrier, as described herein, or/and themethod for producing a carrier, as described herein. The recombinantpolypeptide on the carrier may be selected from antibodies, fragmentsand variants thereof, protein A, fragments and variants thereof,streptavidin, fragments and variants thereof, avidin, fragments andvariants thereof, M proteins from Streptococci, fragments and variantsthereof, protein G, fragments and variants thereof. The recombinantpolypeptide on the carrier may also be selected from receptors, ligands,and enzymes.

Furthermore, the carrier may further comprise a binding molecule, asdescribed herein, specifically bound to the recombinant polypeptide. Thebinding molecule may be any molecule, as described herein, which iscapable of specifically binding a recombinant polypeptide of the presentinvention, wherein the recombinant polypeptide may be selected fromantibodies, fragments and variants thereof, protein A, fragments andvariants thereof, streptavidin, fragments and variants thereof, avidin,fragments and variants thereof, M proteins from Streptococci, fragmentsand variants thereof, protein G, fragments and variants thereof. Anexample of polypeptides binding the A protein are IgG antibodies. Theantibody may for instance be an anti-CRP antibody or an anti-S100Bantibody. The binding molecule may also be biotin, optionally coupled toa third molecule, which third molecule may be a detectable label.

Specific embodiments of the present invention refer to carrierscomprising combinations of recombinant polypeptide and binding moleculesas follows: The recombinant polypeptide may be protein A or the Z domainthereof, as described herein, and the binding molecule may be an IgGantibody, such as an anti-CRP antibody or an anti-S100B antibody. Therecombinant polypeptide may be streptavidin or avidin, and the bindingmolecule may be biotin, which biotin may be coupled to a third molecule,which third molecule may be a detectable label.

The carrier as described herein may be employed in a method fordetermining an analyte, or/and for detecting an analyte in a sample. Theanalyte may be a molecule in a sample, for instance a biological sampleobtained from a patient. Examples of methods for determining an analyteinclude immunoassays, such as ELISA, capacitance measurement, asdescribed herein, and surface plasmon resonance, as described herein.The method for determination an analyte may be a diagnostic method.

A carrier of the present invention produced by the method of the presentinvention is described in the Example 1, 2, 3 and 4. Example 1 describesthe use of a biosensor of the present invention in analyte detection byan immunoassy. Example 2 describes the use of a biosensor of the presentinvention in anayte detection by surface plasmon resonance measurement.Example 3 describes the use of a biosensor of the present invention inanayte detection by capacitance measurement. Example 4 describes the useof streptavidin in the production of a biosensor.

The carrier of the present invention may achieve a higher electricisolation than conventional SAM carriers. The total charge transfer ofcarriers of the present invention may be at least 10 mC, or at least 20mC. The charge transfer resistance of a carrier of the present inventionmay be at least 220 mOhm/mm², at least 250 mOhm/mm², at least 300mOhm/mm², at least 350 mOhm/mm², or at least 400 mOhm/mm².

The carrier of the present invention, in particular a capacitivebiosensor of the present invention, may provide an LOD (limit ofdetection) for an analyte of less than 10 μg/ml, less than 5 μg/ml, lessthan 4 μg/mg, less than 3 μg/ml, less than 2 μg/ml, less than 1 μg/ml,or about 100 μg/ml, wherein the LOD is determined as the concentrationwhere the response is three times higher than that of the standarddeviation from the baseline response by a blank sample.

The carrier of the present invention, in particular a SPR biosensor ofthe present invention, may provide an LOD (limit of detection) for ananalyte of less than 100 ng/ml, less than 10 ng/ml, less than 5 ng/ml,less than 4 ng/mg, less than 3 ng/ml, less than 2 ng/ml, or about 1.5g/ml, wherein the LOD is determined as the concentration where theresponse is three times higher than that of the standard deviation fromthe baseline response by a blank sample.

The analyte may specifically bind to the recombinant polypeptide exposedon the surface of the carrier to the surrounding medium. Examples ofsuitable carriers include carriers wherein the recombinant polypeptideis an antibody, fragment or variant thereof, as described herein. Byorientation control and density control of the antibodies as describedin the present invention, the sensitivity of the immunoassays can beincreased. The carrier of the present invention exposes the fusionpolypeptide comprising the antibody sequence so that essentially allantibody molecules expose the antigen binding site to the surroundingmedium, and the analyte can bind to the recombinant polypeptide withminimal sterical hindrance.

The analyte may specifically bind to an analyte binding molecule whichis coupled to the recombinant polypeptide exposed on the surface of thecarrier to the surrounding medium. Coupling of the analyte bindingmolecule may be directly, or indirectly via at least one furthermolecule, for instance a linker molecule or binding molecule, asdescribed herein. The analyte binding molecule can be an antibody. Therecombinant polypeptide of the present invention may be a moleculecapable of specifically recognizing the analyte binding molecule (forinstance the F_(c) region of the antibody). Suitable recombinantpolypeptides include protein A, protein M, protein G or an antibodycapable of specifically recognizing the analyte binding molecule.Suitable antibodies include anti-IgG-antibodies. By orientation controland density control of the recombinant polypeptide as described in thepresent invention, the sensitivity of the immunoassays can be increased.The carrier of the present invention exposes the fusion polypeptide sothat essentially all fusion polypeptides expose the binding site to thesurrounding medium, which binding site is capable of recognizing theanalyte binding molecule. When the analyte binding molecule binds to therecombinant polypeptides, the analyte binding molecule can be orientedso that the analyte binding site of the analyte binding molecule exposesto the surrounding medium so that an analyte can bind with minimalsterical hindrance. A specific example of an immunoassay of the presentinvention is an immunoassay for determination of C reactive protein, forinstance as described in Example 2 or 3.

Yet another aspect of the present invention is a diagnostic methodcomprising the determination of an analyte with a carrier or/andbiosensor of the present invention. The diagnostic method of the presentinvention may be a method for determination of C reactive protein (CRP),comprising determination of the amount of CRP in a sample from a patientwith a carrier or/and biosensor as described herein, wherein thepresence of CRP indicates inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoidarthritis. In particular, an increased level of CRP compared withpersons not suffering from an inflammatory disease may indicate thepresence of an inflammatory disease. In the method, the sample may becontacted with the carrier or/and biosensor under conditions suitablefor binding of the CRP to the carrier. CRP may be detected by ananti-CRP antibody. Suitable antibodies are known. The antibody may be abinding molecule, as described herein. The antibody may be bound to acarrier of the present invention exposing a recombinant polypeptidecapable of recognizing the F_(c) portion of the anti-CRP antibody.Suitable recombinant polypeptides include protein A, fragments andvariants thereof, protein M, fragments and variants thereof, protein G,fragments and variants thereof and antibodies capable of recognizing theF_(c) portion.

Example 5 describes the use of a biosensor of the present invention fordetection of CRP in sera obtained from rheumatoid arthritis positivepatients and control patients. An improved sensitivity of the biosensorof the present to invention compared to standard ELISA test could bedemonstrated.

The diagnostic method of the present invention may also be a method fordetermination of S100B protein, comprising determination of the amountof S100B in a sample from a patient with a carrier or/and biosensor asdescribed herein, wherein the presence of S100B indicates schizophreniaor/and Alzheimer disease. In particular, an increased level of S100Bcompared with persons not suffering from schizophrenia or/and Alzheimerdisease may indicate schizophrenia or/and Alzheimer disease. In themethod, the sample may be contacted with the carrier or/and biosensorunder conditions suitable for binding of the S100B protein to thecarrier. The sample may be a cerebrospinal fluid sample. S100B may bedetected by an anti-S100B antibody. Suitable antibodies are known. Theantibody may be a binding molecule, as described herein. The antibodymay be bound to a carrier of the present invention exposing arecombinant polypeptide capable of recognizing the F_(c) portion of theanti-S100B antibody. Suitable recombinant polypeptides include proteinA, fragments and variants thereof, protein M, fragments and variantsthereof, protein G, fragments and variants thereof and antibodiescapable of recognizing the F_(c) portion.

Example 6 describes the use of a biosensor of the present invention fordetection of S100B protein in cerebrospinal fluid of patients.

The carrier of the present invention may be used in a diagnostic method.An example of a diagnostic method is the determination of CRP in apatient sample, wherein the carrier may comprise an anti-CRP antibody.Another example of a diagnostic method is the determination of S100B ina patient sample, wherein the carrier may comprise an anti-S100Bantibody. The carrier of the present invention may be used for diagnosisof Alzheimer disease, schizophrenia, or/and an inflammatory disease, asdescribed herein.

Yet another aspect of the present invention is a host cell displayingthe recombinant polypeptide on the surface, wherein the recombinantpolypeptide is capable of specifically binding a binding molecule or/andan analyte. The host cell may be any host cell as described herein.

Yet another aspect of the present invention is a membrane preparationcomprising a recombinant polypeptide, wherein the membrane preparationis suitable of forming a layer on a carrier. The membrane preparationmay be obtained from a host cell as described herein, for instance bystep (c) of the method of the present invention. The recombinantpolypeptide of the may be any recombinant polypeptide as describedherein.

Yet another aspect of the present invention is the use of a membranepreparation comprising a recombinant polypeptide in the manufacture of acarrier comprising a recombinant polypeptide. The carrier may be anycarrier as described herein.

The invention is further illustrated by the following figures andexamples.

FIGURE LEGENDS

FIG. 1. IgG binding activity test of E. coli by treatment of Cy3 labeledIgG to (a) E. coli with Z-domain on the outer membrane and (b) intact E.coli without Z-domain on the surface of outer membrane.

FIG. 2. IgG binding activity of the outer membrane layer formed onvarious microplate surfaces with controlled hydrophobicity.

FIG. 3. Optimization of concentration for plate coating by using outermembrane from E. coli with autodisplayed Z-domain (▪) and intact E. coli().

FIG. 4. HRP detection with an orientation controlled antibody layer (▪)and a randomly oriented antibody layer as the conventional ELISA ().(a) Schematics for assay configuration, (b) Comparison of assay responseby treatment of HRP at the concentration of 1 ug/ml according to theconcentration of immobilized anti-HRP antibodies, (c) Difference of theassay response between antibody layer with controlled orientation andrandomly oriented antibody layer, (d) Assay response between antibodylayer with controlled orientation and randomly oriented antibody layerat the antibody concentration of the maximum assay response difference(600 ng/ml).

FIG. 5. CRP detection with an orientation controlled antibody layer (▪)and a randomly oriented antibody layer as the conventional ELISA ().(a) Schematics for assay configuration, (b) Comparison of assay responseby treatment of CRP at the concentration of 1 ug/ml according to theconcentration of immobilized anti-HRP antibodies, (c) Difference of theassay response between antibody layer with controlled orientation andrandomly oriented antibody layer, (d) Assay response between antibodylayer with controlled orientation and randomly oriented antibody layerat the antibody concentration of the maximum assay response difference(450 ng/ml).

FIG. 6. OM layer on different surfaces with controlled hydrophobicity.OM layers with Z-domain and without Z-domain were separately prepared onthe microplates, and then HRP -labeled antibodies were treated. The ‘OD’at the Y-axis means the chromogenic signal at the wavelength of 450 nmby the treatment of TMB.

FIG. 7. IgG binding activity of OM layer prepared on Au surface.Fluorescein labeled antibodies were treated to the surface of gold withBSA layer, with OM layer from intact E. coli without Z-domain, with OMlayer with Z-domain. The area of fluorescence image is fixed to be 50mm×10 mm.

FIG. 8. AFM (atomic force microscopy) images of OM layer with antibodies(IgG's). The area of each image is adjusted to be 10 μm×10 μm and theZ-axis is fixed to be 100 nm. Bare gold surface was coated with OMparticle and then antibodies were treated to the OM layered gold'ssurface.

FIG. 9. Comparison of ELISA based on OM layer with conventional method.

FIG. 10. SPR response by the interaction of OM layer with analytes.Y-axis at the left side is for the SPR biosensor with OM layer andY-axis at the right side is for the SPR biosensor with antibody-layer byphysical adsorption.

FIG. 11. Comparison of SPR responses for hlgG detection by using OMlayer with anti-hlgG antibodies as a molecular recognition layer(square) and by using a physically adsorbed layer of anti-hlgGantibodies (triangle). The SPR response by OM layer without Z-domain wasused as a negative control (circle).

FIG. 12. Electrochemical analysis of OM layer. (a) CV diagrams of OMlayer according to the incubated OM particle concentration. The scanrate was 10 mV/s and 10 mM Fe(CN)₆ ^(3−/4−) was used as a redox couple.(b) Nyquist plot from impedance analysis of OM layers by incubating theOM solution at different concentrations. The charge transfer resistancewas calculated at the x-cut of the hemispheric response curve. (c)Monitoring of OM layer formation by CV analysis according to incubationtime. The area of CV diagram was observed to be changed according to theincubation time of OM solution at the fixed concentration of 1 mg/ml.

FIG. 13. Comparison of the capacitive biosensor responses to HRP (modelanalyte) concentration by using different immunoaffinity layers. Threedifferent antibody layers were prepared by using the OM layer withautodisplayed Z-domains, SAM, and by physical adsorption of antibodiesto gold electrode (n=3).

FIG. 14. Detection of adsorption of C-reactive protein (CRP). Standardcurve by using an antibody layer immobilized to the OM layer withautodisplayed Z-domains was compared with an antibody layer prepared byphysical adsorption (n=3).

FIG. 15. The autodisplay vector of streptavidin gene named to be pST001.

FIG. 16. Analysis of the outer membrane proteins by using SDS-PAGE. Thelane M indicates the molecular weight markers. Lane 1 and lane 2 showthe outer membrane proteins from UT5600(DE3) without autodisplayedstreptavidins, and the outer membrane proteins from UT5600(DE3)transformed with pST001 for the autodisplay of streptavidins,respectively.

FIG. 17. Activity test of the autodisplayed streptavidin by treatment ofbiotinylated fluorescein. The phase-contrast and fluorescence imageswere taken by using UT5600(DE3) and UT5600(DE3) pST001 cells aftertreatment of biotinylated fluorescein.

FIG. 18. Flow cytometric analysis of the biotin-binding activity. TheE.coli transformed with pST 001 and the intact E.coli were analyzedafter the treatment of biotinylated fluorescein.

FIG. 19. Biotin-binding activity of E.coli cell with autodisplayedstreptavidin in comparison with streptavidin coated magnetic beads. (a)Biotin-binding activity of magnetic bead with different amount ofimmobilized streptavidins (n=3). The maximum biotin binding activity wasobtained by treatment of streptavidin solution at the concentration of100 ng/ml. (b) The biotin-binding activity of E.coli with autodisplayedstreptavidins in comparison with magnetic beads. The magnetic beads werereacted with the same concentration of biotinylated HRP (n=3).

FIG. 20. Biotin-binding activity of the outer membrane layer of E.coliwith autodisplayed streptavidins. The biotin-binding activity wasestimated by treating biotinylated HRP and chromogenic substrate (TMB).To compare the activity of streptavidin, physically adsorbed outermembrane layer of intact E.coli and biotinylated HRP were used asnegative controls.

FIG. 21. Illustration of orientation control and density control.

FIG. 22. The autodisplay vector of the Z domain.

FIG. 23. Comparison of ELISA test employing anti-CRP antibodies, and adirect test according to the present invention employing carriers, insera rheumatoid arthritis positive patients (1-45) and control patients(N1-N15) as described in Example 5.

FIG. 24. Production of outer membrane particles

FIG. 25. Size distribution of outer membrane particles (OM) comprising Zdomain and outer membrane particles only.

FIG. 26. AFM (atomic force microscopy) images of an OM. Bare goldsurface (control, left-hand figure below; insert, left-hand figure) wascoated with OM particles (right-hand figure below; insert, right-handfigure).

FIG. 27. Electrochemical analysis of OM layer. CV diagrams of a baregold surface (5×5 mm), a gold surface coated with an OM layer comprisinga Z domain, and an a gold surface coated with an OM layer comprising a Zdomain contacted with IgG. The scan rate was 10 mV/s (average after fourcycles). 1 mM Fe(CN)₆ ^(3−/4−) was used as a redox couple.

FIG. 28. Detection of S100B protein in sera. Comparison of sensorscomprising IgG antibodies directed against S100B immobilized upon a baregold surface, on SAM (mercaptoundecanoic acid), and on a surfacecomprising an OM layer comprising the Z domain of protein A, asdescribed in Example 1. For control purposes a sensor comprising an OMlayer without Z domains is employed.

FIG. 29. Determination of S100B concentration in patients cerebrospinalfluid. Samples from 7 patients have been analysed. Comparison of sensorscomprising IgG antibodies directed against S100B immobilized upon a baregold surface, and on a surface comprising an OM layer comprising the Zdomain of protein A (sensor of the present invention, as described inExample 1). S100B concentrations obtained by the sensor of the presentinvention are confirmed by the standard sensor comprising a bare goldsurface.

EXAMPLE 1 Hyper Sensitive Immunoassay Based on Outer Membrane of E. coliwith Autodisplayed Z-Domain

1.1 Introduction

The Z-domain of protein-A was expressed on the surface of E. coli outermembrane by autodisplay technology as a fusion protein of AIDA-1 (FIG.22), and the IgG-binding activity of the autodisplayed Z-domains wasconfirmed. Here, a new immunoassay with a hyper sensitivity waspresented by coating the E. coli outer membrane with the autodisplayedZ-domains on a microplate.

The outer membrane of E. coli with autodisplayed Z-domain was isolatedby using lysozyme reaction and sequential centrifugation. The E. coliouter membrane layer was formed on the microplate by using thehydrophobic interaction between the isolated outer membrane and themicroplate surface. The driving force for the layer formation was provento be the hydrophobic interaction by using microplates with controlledhydrophobicity.

The limit of detection (LOD) and the sensitivity by the new immunoassaywere determined to be far improved in comparison to the conventionalELISA by using HRP as a model analyte. The applicability of the newimmunoassay for medical diagnosis was demonstrated by the detection ofC-reactive protein (CRP) which is known to be a biomarker protein forinflammatory diseases.

In this work, the outer membrane of the autodisplaying E. coli wasisolated by using lysozyme reaction and sequential centrifugation steps.The formation of E. coli outer membrane layer on the microplate wasdemonstrated by using microplates with controlled hydrophobicity, andthe driving force of the layer formation was proven to be thehydrophobic interaction between the outer membrane and the microplatesurface. The effect of orientation control was evaluated by using HRP asa model protein and the feasibility of this immunoassay withautodisplayed Z-domain was demonstrated by the detection of C-reactiveprotein (CRP) which is known to be a biomarker protein of inflammatorydiseases.

1.2 Materials and Methods

1.2.1 Materials

Purified C-reactive protein (CRP), Anti-CRP antibodies (polyclonal),anti-hlgG antibodies labeled with Cy3 (polyclonal), anti-HRP antibodies(polyclonal), anti-mlgG antibodies labeled with HRP (polyclonal),anti-CRP antibodies conjugated with HRP (polyclonal) were bought fromAbCam (Cambridge, UK). Aprotinin was purchased from Roche Korea (Seoul,Korea). Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, Bovine serum albumin (BSA),lysozyme, DNase, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and all of the otherchemicals (of analytical grade) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Korea(Seoul, Korea).

1.2.2 Preparation of E. coli Outer Membrane with Autodisplayed Z-Domain

The autodisplay was performed by transformation with an autodisplayvector constructed by the cloning of the antibody binding Z-domain fromS. aureus. The outer membrane (OM) of E. coliwith autodisplayed Z-domainwas prepared by using lysozyme reaction and subsequent isolationprocedures as described (Hantke, 1981; Schultheiss et al., 2002). The OMof intact E. coli was also prepared by using the same procedure (seeFIG. 24). Expression of Z domain only did not influence sizedistribution of outer membrane particles (about 90% of particles had asize of 80-120 nm, see FIG. 25).

1.2.3 Preparation of an OM Layered Microplate for ELISA

The OM solution was prepared at the protein concentration of 300 μg/mlin PBS. For each well of microplate, 100 μl of the OM solution wasincubated for 2 hours at room temperature. Then, the microplate waswashed with 0.1% Tween 20 in PBS for three times. For the immobilizationof detection antibodies, the corresponding antibody solution (100 μl)was dispensed at each well of a 96-well microplate and was incubated for1 hour at room temperature. The HRP assay was reported by thechromogenic reaction of TMB solution (Pierce, USA). After quenching with2 M sulfuric acid solution, the optical density was measured by using anELISA reader (Vesamax, Molecular Devices, USA) at the wavelength of 450nm.

1.3 Results and Discussion

1.3.1 Formation of OM Layer on Microplate

The outer membrane of E. coli was known to have the layered structurecomposed of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phospholipid, lipoprotein,peptidoglycan on the plasma membrane. For the isolation of the outermembrane of E. coli, the peptidoglycan layer of the outer membrane washydrolysed by the reaction of lysozyme. Then, the isolated outermembrane was solubilized by using sarcosine. From the subsequentcentrifugation steps, the outer membrane was isolated as outer membraneparticle which was analyzed to have negatively charged surface with adiameter of 100 nm by using a particle analyzer. As the negative chargeof E. coli was generated from the LPS layer at the surface of E. colicell, the surface of the outer membrane particle was expected to benegatively charged. In this case, the core of the outer membraneparticle was expected to comprise lipoproteins.

When the particles with a hydrophilic surface were treated to thehydrophobic substrate, the particles were known to make an ordered layerthrough the hydrophobic interactions. In the case of the prepared outermembrane particles, the negatively charged LPS layer is directed outsideof the hydrophobic substrate and the relatively hydrophobic lipoproteinlayers directed to core of the particle. As the Z-domain is expressed asa fusion protein located at the lipopolysaccharide, Z-domain is alsofound at the surface of the ordered outer membrane layer. Actually, thesurface charge of an intact E. coli was measured to be −25.5 mV from thezeta potential measurement. For E. coli with autodisplayed Z-domain andthe outer membrane particle, the zeta potentials were measured to be−25.1 mV and −22.5 mV, respectively. These results indicated that thelayered structure of E. coli outer membrane was maintained for E. coliwith autodisplayed Z-domain as well as the outer membrane particle.

The formation of such an ordered layer by the hydrophobic interactionwas tested by measuring the IgG binding activity of the formed layer onseveral microplate surfaces with controlled hydrophobicity. The outermembrane layer was formed on the microplates by treatment of the outermembrane particles at the same concentration of 100 μg/ml protein byincubation. Then, the IgG labeled with HRP was treated and the boundamount to Z-doman was estimated by the chromogenic reaction between HRPand TMB. As shown in FIG. 2, the IgG binding activity was linearlycorrelated to the hydrophobicity of the surface and the most hydrophobicsurface shows the highest IgG binding activity. These results indicatethat the formation of the outer membrane layer was derived by thehydrophobic interaction between the core side of the particle and thehydrophobic microplate surface.

The outer membrane particle from intact E. coli cells was also treatedto the microplates as a negative control for determination of thenon-specific binding of the HRP labeled antibodies. As shown in FIG. 2,the IgG binding activity was decreased according to the hydrophobicityof the microplate surface. These results indicated that the outermembrane layer was more densely layered as the hydrophobicity of themicroplate increased. For the outer membrane layer with autodisplayedZ-domains, the number of Z-domain for on the microplate was alsoincreased according to hydrophobicity of the microplate. As the surfacecharge would be also increased, the most hydrophobic surface wasexpected to have the most hydrophilic surface, which can generallyreduce the non-specific binding of proteins. Therefore, the non-specificbinding of proteins can be effectively prevented by the outer membranelayer prepared on the hydrophobic microplate surface. As shown in FIG.2, the polystyrene microplate presented the highest Z-domain activityand the microplate was used for the immunoassays in this work.

The optimal outer membrane concentration was estimated by using thepolystyrene microplate. As shown in FIG. 3, different concentrations ofouter membrane particles were treated to the microplate and then theactivity of the Z-domain was determined by immobilizing HRP labeledantibodies. As a negative control, the outer membrane particle fromintact E. coli was also treated to the microplate. As shown in FIG. 3,the IgG-binding activity of the outer membrane layer with Z-domains wasincreased as the higher concentration of outer membrane particle wastreated to the microplate. When the concentration of the outer membraneparticle was more than 100 μg/ml protein, the IgG binding activityshowed a saturated response. These results meant that the outer membranelayer has a saturated density of Z-domains at this concentration. In thecase of negative control, the outer membrane particles at the lowerconcentration of less than 40 ug/ml showed that the adsorption of theantibodies were maintained at the baseline level. This result shows thatthe outer membrane layer could be formed to prevent the non-specificadsorption of proteins when the concentration of the treated outermembrane particle was higher than 40 ug/ml. Therefore, the concentrationof the outer membrane particle at 100 ug/ml was optimal for the antibodyimmobilization as well as enough for the prevention of the non-specificbinding of proteins.

1.3.2 ELISA with OM Layered Microplates

The Z-domain is the IgG-binding domain of protein A. Due to its specificbinding activity to F_(c) region of the antibodies, the outer membranelayer with the autodisplayed Z-domain formed on the microplates could beeffectively used to immobilize the antibodies with a controlledorientation. The effect of orientation control with the audodisplayedZ-domain was estimated by comparing the analyte-binding activity of arandomly-oriented antibody layer. When the same concentration ofantibodies was immobilized on a microplate, the randomly-orientedantibody layers would have smaller number of well-oriented antibodies atthe unit area than the orientation-controlled antibody layers. In otherwords, the antibody layer with random-orientation required higherconcentration antibodies for the detection of an analyte than theorientation-controlled antibody layer because only smaller number ofantibodies had the proper orientation for the analyte detection.

In this work, HRP was exploited as a model analyte as shown in FIG. 4(a) and the concentration of antibodies required for the detection ofHRP was measured by using a randomly-oriented antibody layer () and anorientation-controlled antibody layer (▪). The randomly-orientedantibody layer was prepared by physical adsorption of antibodies as inthe case of ELISA. The negative control layer was prepared by usingouter membrane layer of intact E. coli for the estimation of thenon-specific binding (▾). The amount of bound analyte (HRP) wasevaluated by treatment of the chromogenic substrate of HRP (TMB) and theoptical density at the wavelength of 450 nm was measured.

As shown in FIG. 4 (b), the minimum of antibody concentration requiredfor the detection of the HRP at the concentration of 10 ng/ml wasestimated to be 3 ng/ml and 45 ng/ml for the antibody layers with thecontrolled-orientation by Z-domain (▪) and the random-orientation (),respectively. This result showed that 15-fold lower concentration ofantibody was required for the detection of the analyte (HRP) at the sameconcentration by orientation control than the conventional ELISA.

By comparison of the assay results from the orientation-controlledantibody layer (▪) and randomly-oriented antibody layer () as shown inFIG. 4 (b), the maximum difference of the assay results was observed atthe antibody concentration of 600 ng/ml as shown in FIG. 4 (c). When anorientation-controlled antibody layer and a randomly-oriented antibodylayer were prepared at this concentration, the orientation-controlledantibody layer showed more than 30-fold improved limit of detection asshown in FIG. 4 (d). This result meant that the maximum effect of theorientation control was as much as 30-fold in comparison to therandomly-oriented antibody layer.

Additionally, the saturated assay response from theorientation-controlled antibody layer (▪) was observed to be far higherthan randomly-oriented one () as shown in FIG. 4 (d). Such responsedifference should be resulted from the difference at the number ofanalyte binding sites. As the same concentration of antibodies was usedfor the immobilization, such a difference could be determined to beresulted from the orientation control effect.

The low non-specific binding of proteins to the outer membrane of E.coli also contributed for the sensitivity improvement of E. coli basedimmunoassay. As non-specific binding of unrelated proteins usuallyresults in a false positive signal in immunoassays, it should be reducedas low as possible (Ezan and Jacques, 2000). In this work, the responseby the non-specific binding to the outer membrane of E. coli wasevaluated by using the intact E. coli (UT5600) without autodisplayedZ-domain as a negative control. When the same concentration of anti-HRPantibodies were treated, the response by the immunoassay with intact E.coli (▾) was observed to be insignificant in comparison to the E. coliwith autodisplayed Z-domain (▪) at the whole analyte concentration rangeas shown in FIG. 4. These results showed that the non-specific bindingto the outer membrane of E. coli observed to have nearly no influence onthe result of E. coli based immunoassay. Usually, the hydrophilicsurfaces are known to reduce the non-specific binding of proteins forimmunoassay (Silin et al., 1997). As mentioned previously, the outermembrane of E. coli is known to be negatively charged (Hamadi et al.,2008), and the zeta-potential of intact E. coli (negative control) andthe E. coli with autodisplayed Z-domain were measured to be −22.5 mV,−25.1 mV, respectively. Therefore, the significantly low non-specificbinding of E. coli could be due to the hydrophilicity of the E. coli'souter membrane.

1.3.3 Application to the Detection of C-Reactive Protein

The new immunoassay based on the microplate coated with the outermembrane was applied to the medical diagnosis by the detection ofC-reactive protein (CRP) which is known to be a biomarker protein of theinflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.

As shown in FIG. 5 (a), anti-CRP antibody was immobilized to themicroplate coated with the outer membrane with autodisplayed Z-domains.the concentration of antibodies required for the detection of CRP at afixed concentration of 25 ng/ml was measured by using arandomly-oriented antibody layer () and an orientation-controlledantibody layer (▪). The randomly-oriented antibody layer was prepared byphysical adsorption of antibodies as in the case of ELISA. The negativecontrol layer was prepared by using outer membrane layer of intact E.coli for the estimation of the non-specific binding (▾). As shown inFIG. 5 (b), the minimum of antibody concentration required for thedetection of the CRP at the concentration of 10 ng/ml was estimated tobe 30 ng/ml and 300 ng/ml for the antibody layers with thecontrolled-orientation by Z-domain (▪) and the random-orientation (),respectively. This result showed that 10-fold lower concentration ofantibody was required for the detection of the analyte (HRP) at the sameconcentration by orientation control than the conventional ELISA. Asmentioned previously, it is also resulted from the orientation controlby the Z-domain. The maximum difference of assay result was observed atthe antibody concentration of 450 nm as FIG. 5 (c). When the microplatewas coated with anti-CRP antibodies at this concentration, the limit ofdetection was estimated to be 1.5 ng/ml and 25 ng/ml for the orientationcontrolled antibody layer and the randomly oriented antibody layer,respectively. As shown in FIG. 5 (d), the limit of detection as well asresponse at saturation of the microplate with controlled orientationwere far highly estimated in comparison to the microplate with randomlyoriented antibody layer. Such an improvement of sensitivitiesrepresented the increase of the binding sites by the orientation controleffect of the autodisplayed Z-domain. From the negative controlexperiment by using outer membrane layer from intact E. coli, thenon-specific binding of proteins was estimated to be nearly baselinelevel until the response from positive control experiment reached thesaturated level.

These results shows that the new immunoassay based on the outer membranelayer with autodisplayed Z-domain could be applied for immunoassaysrequiring very lower limit of detection and higher sensitivity than theconventional ELISA without orientation control of antibodies.

1.3.4 Conclusions

A new immunoassay with orientation controlled antibody is presented forhighly sensitive detection of analyte by using a microplate coated withE. coli outer membrane. The Z-domain with IgG binding activity wasexpressed on the outer membrane of E. coli as a fusion protein, and thenthe outer membrane of E. coli was isolated by using lysozyme reactionand sequential centrifugation steps. The IgG binding activity of theouter membrane layer on the microplate was linearly correlated to thehydrophobicity of the microplate surface, and the formation of E. coliouter membrane layer through hydrophobic interaction could bedemonstrated by using microplates with controlled hydrophobicity. Byusing the outer membrane coated microplate, a new immunoassay waspresented by using HRP as a model analyte. In comparison to theconventional immunoassay with randomly oriented antibody layer, the newimmunoassay could achieve far improved the limit of detection as well assensitivity through the improved orientation control of antibody layerThe applicability of the new immunoassay for medical diagnosis wasdemonstrated by the detection of C-reactive protein (CRP) which is knownto be a biomarker protein for inflammatory diseases. From these results,the feasibility of the new immunoassay with orientation controlledantibody layer by using autodisplayed Z-domain was demonstrated for thedetection requiring far higher sensitivity and lower limit of detectionthan the conventional immunoassay based on microplates.

Example 2 E. coli Outer Membrane with Autodisplayed Z-Domain as aMolecular Recognition Layer of SPR Biosensor

The immunoaffinity (IA) biosensors utilize the highly selective bindingaffinity of antibodies for the molecular recognition of a target analytein a complex mixture such as serum. For the sensitive detection of atarget analyte at a very low concentration, the antigen binding sites(F_(ab) region) of antibodies should be directed to the analyte solution(‘orientation control’) and the antibodies should be immobilized with anhigh density (‘density control’). In this work, the Z-domain of proteinA was expressed as a recombinant-fusion protein on the outer membrane ofE. coli by using “Autodisplay” technology. The outer membrane of E. coliwith autodisplayed Z-domain was isolated and then layered on varioushydrophobic surfaces including the surface of gold. The effect oforientation control of antibodies was demonstrated by binding capacityof the labeled antibodies. These results indicated that theantibody-layer based on the outer membrane layer has a significantlylarger number of analyte binding sites at the same unit area incomparison to the antibody-layer by physical adsorption. To test thefeasibility of IA biosensors, the OM layer was formed on the SPRbiosensor surface, and the detection of C-reactive protein (CRP) andhlgG was demonstrated. From these experiments, the LOD of SPR biosensorwas estimated to have improved more than 100-fold compared to the SPRbiosensor with the antibody-layer by physical adsorption.

2.1 Introduction

We expressed Z-domain of protein A on the surface of the outer membraneof E. coli by using “Autodisplay” technology. The autodisplayed Z-domainwas analyzed to have the IgG-binding activity by using fluorescencelabeled antibodies (IgG's). The ratio of E. coli with active Z-domainwas estimated to be over 95% by using FACS analysis. Such E. coli withautodisplayed Z-domain could be applied to the sandwich-type immunoassayas a signal amplifier of SPR biosensor for the improvement of thesensitivity.

In principle, the autodisplayed proteins on the outer membrane of E.coli always have the same structures as well as orientation, if only itis expressed by the autodisplay system. Furthermore, the number ofautodisplayed Z-domain on the outer membrane was estimated to be quitehigh from the SDS-PAGE analysis in comparison to the other proteins onthe outer membrane of E. coli. Therefore, if the outer membrane could belayered on the surface of transducers, the orientation control as wellas the density control of antibodies, which is necessary insignificantlyimproving the sensitivity of biosensors, can be achieved.

For the real application of outer membrane as biosensors, the thicknessof molecular recognition layer on the transducer surface should berestricted for sensitive detection of a target analyte. Especially thebiosensors based on the evanescence field, such as surface plasmonresonance (SPR) biosensor, the thickness of sensitive layer is usuallyless than a few hundred nanometers and the molecular recognition layershould be far thinner than the thickness of the sensitive layer for thedetection of analytes (Homala, 2006). Therefore, the applicability ofouter membrane layer to biosensors should be estimated by monitoring thewhole sensing process from the outer membrane layer formation step tothe analyte binding step.

In this work, the layer formation of the E. coli outer membrane ispresented on the transducer surface by using different surfaces withcontrolled hydrophobicity. The effect of orientation control and densitycontrol of antibodies by the outer membrane with Z-domain on thetransducer was estimated in comparison to antibody-layers prepared bythe conventional adsorption method. For the feasibility test for SPRbiosensors, C-reactive protein (CRP) and hlgG detection wasdemonstrated.

2.2 Materials and Methods

2.2.1 Materials

Anti-CRP antibodies (polyclonal), anti-mlgG antibodies labeled withfluorescein (polyclonal), anti-mlgG antibodies labeled with FITC(polyclonal), anti-mlgG antibodies antibodies, hlgG, anti-mlgGantibodies labeled with HRP (polyclonal), anti-hCG antibodies conjugatedwith 40 nm gold nano particles (monoclonal) and purified CRP were boughtfrom AbCam (Cambridge, UK). Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride and Aprotininwere purchased from Roche Korea (Seoul, Korea). Bovine serum albumin(BSA), lysozyme, DNase, HRP and all of the other chemicals (ofanalytical grade) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Korea (Seoul,Korea).

2.2.2 Culture of E. coli with Autodisplayed Z-domain

The vector for autodisplay was constructed by the cloning of theantibody binding Z-domain from S. aureus with PCR amplification asdescribed in the previous work. E. coli cells were routinely cultured at37° C. in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth of 10 μM EDTA, 10 mM2-mercaptoethanol and ampicillin at the concentration of 100 mg/l. Forthe activity assay, E. coli cells transformed with the plasmidpET-Z-18-3 were grown overnight and diluted 100-fold in a freshlyprepared medium. The E. coli cells were grown at 37° C. with vigorousshaking until the optical density (OD) reached 3.0 at the wavelength of578 nm. After the E. coli cells were harvested, they were washed threetimes with PBS and then resuspended in PBS to a final optical density of1.0 at the wavelength of 578 nm.

2.2.3 Preparation of OM Particle

After the cultured E. coli cells were resuspended in 0.2 M Tris/HClbuffer, the following reagents were added for the lysozyme reaction: 1 MSucrose, 10 mM EDTA, lysozyme solution at the concentration of 10 mg/ml.The cells treated with lysozyme were incubated at room temperature for10 min. To quench the lysozyme reaction, 100 mM PMSF(Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride in Isopropanol) and aprotinin at theconcentration of 10 mg/ml in 10 nM HEPES (pH 8.0) were added. Then, forthe OM particle preparation, extraction buffer (2% Triton X-100, 50 mMTris/Hcl, 10 mM MgCl₂) and DNAse at the concentration of 1 mg/ml wereadded to the E. coli cells and then placed on ice for 25 minutes. The E.coli cells were centrifuged with 6000 rpm for 5 min afterwards. Aftercentrifugation, the supernatant were transferred to a new centrifugationtube and centrifuged again with 20000 rpm for 10 min. After washingstep, the OM particle was resuspended in PBS (Hantke, 1981; Schultheisset al., 2002).

2.2.4 SPR Measurement

A Spreeta™ chip from Texas Instruments Co. (Dallas, Tex.) was used forthe SPR measurements. This SPR chip is equipped with a flow cell with acapacity of 5 μl and the measurements were performed using a home-madecontrol circuit board, which is designed according to the technicalspecification of Spreeta™ chip from Texas Instruments Co. In each case,the sample and the washing solution were injected into the flow cellusing an integrated injection valve and a peristaltic pump. The pumpingrate was set at 1.0 ml/min and the flow of the solution was programmedto stop during the incubation step. The whole instruments were kept inan incubator where the temperature was set at 37° C. Each measurementstep consists of sample injection (100 μl), incubation (30 min), andthree repeated washing steps with 0.5% (v/v) Tween 20 (3 ml). In orderto avoid any effect due to the change of buffer, the signal wascalculated as the difference between SPR response prior to sampleinjection and that after the washing step. The flow of buffer wasstopped during the measurement and the incubation steps (Jeon and Pyun,2008).

2.3 Results and Discussion

2.3.1 Formation of OM Layer

The OM particle was prepared by the hydrolysis of the peptidoglycanlayer using lysozyme. OM particles have hydrophilic surface composed oflipopolysaccharide (LPS) in order to interact with the aqueousenvironment, and the core part of OM particles may contain hydrophobiclipoproteins and peptidoglycans. The structure of the outer membrane isfor instance described by Hiroshi (1996).

In the case of the outer membrane particle, the core part makesinteraction with the hydrophobic surface, and the outer side of OMparticle, which is hydrophilic, is directed to the aqueous environmentin the OM layer.

In the case of E. coli with autodisplayed Z-domain, the beta-barrelprotein is buried in the outer membrane and the Z-domain is translocatedto the cell surface by passing through the beta-barrel duringautodisplay process (Jose, 2006, 2007). Therefore, the Z-domain islocated at the surface of the OM particle and is directed to the aqueousside when the outer membrane layer is formed on the hydrophobictransducer surface.

To observe the OM layer formation on the hydrophobic surface, the OMparticle was treated to differently modified surfaces with controlledhydrophobicity. The contact angles of the commercially availablemicroplates called Maxisorp, Polysorp, Multisorp, Medisorp from Nunc Co(USA) was estimated to be 64.8°, 77.6°, 44.7°, 66.7°, respectively. Thecontact angle was determined by the sessile drop method by a contactangle goniometer DSA100B (Krüss GmbH, Hamburg, Germany). Briefly, thecontact angle was measured by dropping 5 μl of distilled water andanalyzing the side image was by using angle-measurement software ImageJ. For the OM layer formation these microplates were treated to the OMparticle with Z-domain along with another OM particle from intact E.coli (negative control). In order to compare the OM formation on thesurfaces with different hydrophobicity, antibodies labeled with HRP weretreated, and then the chromogenic reaction of HRP was performed withTMB.

As shown in FIG. 6, the most hydrophobic surface of Polysorp showed thehighest chromogenic signal which means that the OM layer on the Polysorpsurface had the most dense distribution of Z-domains for the binding ofHRP-labeled antibodies (Josephy et al., 1982). The OM layer formed bythe particles from the intact E. coli (negative control) showed nocomparable the chromogenic reaction signal, which means that the levelof non-specific binding of the HRP-labeled antibodies was negligible. Ifthe OM layer was not formed on the surface of microplates, thenon-specific binding should have occurred at the exposed surface of themicroplate, and a comparable chromogenic signal should have beenobserved. From these results, the hydrophobic surface is determined tobe effective for the formation of OM layer by using OM particles.

Usually, biosensors have used the surface of gold for the preparation ofmolecular recognition layer, that is, for the immobilization ofbiomolecules such as enzymes, antibodies, etc. Especially, the IAbiosensors based on SPR transducers, capacitive transducers, masssensitive transducers such as QCM, SAW, FPW have been most frequentlyused the gold's surface for the immobilization of antibodies (Park etal., 2000; Kurosawa et al., 2004; Stubbs et al., 2002; Wessa et al.,1999; Chang et al., 2008; Huang and Lee, 2008). Such a preference forthe gold's surface was originates from the easy preparation ofself-assembled monolayer (SAM) on the surface by using thiolatedhydrocarbons (Chung et al., 2006b). SAM has supplied a large amount ofhomogeneous monolayer of hydrocarbons with functional groups such ascarboxylic acid and hydroxyl groups, which can be used for the covalentimmobilization of biomolecules. For the transducers based on evanescencefield, as SPR and mass sensitive biosensors, the thickness of molecularrecognition layer is very critical for their sensitivity because theheight of the sensitive layer was reported to be less than 200 nm(Homola, 2006).

The OM layer formation was tested on the surface of gold for theapplication to biosensors. As the surface is also quite hydrophobic witha contact angle of approximately 70°, the OM layer was expected to beformed by the same procedure with OM particle treatment. As shown inFIG. 7, the OM particles with Z-domain and the OM particles from intactE. coli (negative control) were treated on the gold's surface. Then,fluorescein-labeled antibodies were treated to each surface. The gold'ssurface coated with BSA was also tested with fluorescein-labeledantibodies.

As shown in FIG. 7, the OM layer prepared with the OM particle withZ-domain shows a strong green fluorescence signal after the treatmentwith the fluorescein-labeled antibodies. However, the OM layer preparedfrom the intact E. coli (negative control) shows no significantfluorescence signal, and the BSA coated gold's surface also shows nosignificant fluorescence signal.

These results imply that OM layer can be formed on the surface of goldand the autodisplayed Z-domain has IgG-binding activities. Same as inthe case of microplate experiments, the non-specific binding ofantibodies could be prevented by using OM layer from intact E. coliwithout Z-domain.

For the observation of surface morphology, AFM analysis of the OM layeron the gold's surface was performed before and after the treatment ofantibodies. As shown in FIG. 8, the surface of bare gold was analyzed atan area of 10 μm×10 μm. Then, the OM layer with Z-domain on the goldsurface was analyzed, and then antibodies (IgG) were treated to the OMlayer. Compared with the pure gold's surface, the OM layers before andafter the antibody treatment have significantly different surfacemorphologies (see also FIG. 26). When secondary antibody was additivelytreated to the OM layer, which is already bound with the pre-treatedantibodies, showed far larger structures in the shape of an iceberg wereobserved at the surface.

Although these AFM images can not give a precise explanation on theevents between OM and antibodies, the morphological change after the OMlayer formation is obviously observed. The AFM images show theinteraction between antibodies and the OM layer. In addition, thethickness of OM layer is estimated to be less than 100 nm and the OMlayer was expected to be applicable to the previously mentionedbiosensors based on evanescence field for the detection of a targetanalyte.

2.3.2 Effect of Orientation Control By OM Layer

The OM layer with Z-domain aims to improve the sensitivity of theimmunoassay with biosensors, which is realized by the orientation andthe density controls of the antibodies for the detection of a targetanalyte. To evaluate these effects, the immunoassay was carried out byusing two kinds of IA layers: the antibody-layer of OM layer withZ-domain and the antibody-layer by physical adsorption. The C-reactiveprotein (CRP) was used as a target analyte and anti-CRP antibodies atthe same concentration of 0.5 μg/ml were treated for both IA layers.Then, the immunoassays were carried out according to the conventionalELISA procedure: After the CRP samples with known concentrations weretreated to both IA layers, the amount of bonded CRP was evaluated byusing HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies and TMB solution. Afterquenching with 2 M sulfuric acid, the OD value of the TMB solution wasmeasured by ELISA reader at the wavelength of 450 nm.

The immunoassays by using the antibody-layer of OM layer with Z-domain(▪) and the antibody-layer by physical adsorption () were performed byusing CRP samples at the concentration range of 0.1 ng/ml-200 ng/ml asshown in FIG. 9. FIG. 28 presents an example of SPR recordings. Thelimit of detection (LOD) was evaluated as the concentration where theresponse is three times higher than that of the standard deviation fromthe baseline response by a blank sample (Ezan and Jacques, 2000). In theuse of the antibody-layer of OM layer with Z-domain (▪) and theantibody-layer by physical adsorption (), the LOD was calculated to beapproximately 1.5 ng/ml and 25 ng/ml, respectively. This result showsthat the LOD of the antibody-layer of OM layer with Z-domain (▪) was15-fold more sensitive than the antibody-layer by physical adsorption(), which indicates that the antibody-layer of OM layer with Z-domain(▪) has a significantly larger number of analyte binding sites at thesame unit area than the antibody-layer by physical adsorption (). Theanalyte binding site represents the well-oriented antibodies suitablefor the analyte binding, which were made by the orientation and densitycontrol of the anti-CRP antibodies by the Z-domains.

Usually, a saturated response at a certain analyte concentration isfound at the response curve of immunoassays (Ezan and Jacques, 2000).The antibody-layer of OM layer with Z-domain (▪, OD unit: 0.25) showsfar higher saturation response than the antibody-layer by physicaladsorption (, OD unit: 0.02) as shown in FIG. 9. This result shows thatthe OM layer with Z-domain has far higher binding capacity at the unitarea in comparison to the antibody-layer by physical adsorption.

The OM layer without Z-domain (negative control) shows no significantnon-specific binding after the treatment of antibodies as well as CRPsamples. Since non-specific binding of unrelated proteins may result ina false positive signal in immunoassays, it should be reduced as low aspossible (Ezan and Jacques, 2000). Usually, the hydrophilic surfaces areknown to reduce the non-specific binding of proteins for immunoassay(Silin et al., 1997). In the case of E. coli, the outer membrane isknown to be negatively charged (Hamadi et al., 2008). Actually, thezeta-potential of intact E. coli (negative control) and the E. coli withautodisplayed Z-domain were measured to be −22.0 mV, −21.5 mV,respectively. Therefore, the significantly low non-specific binding ofthe OM layer without Z-domain (negative control) can be explained as aconsequence resulted from the hydrophilicity of the E. coli outermembrane.

2.3.3 SPR Measurement with OM Layer as Molecular Recognition Layer

As previously mentioned, the biosensors based on evanescence field havea sensitive layer with a thickness of less than 200 nm. Therefore, thebiosensor will not be sensitive as it had been any more when themolecular recognition layer is as thick as the sensitive layer. For thefeasibility test for SPR biosensor, the OM layer with Z-domain wasprepared on the gold's surface of SPR biosensor, and then the antibodiesagainst CRP were sequentially treated. As shown in FIG. 10, the SPRsignal was monitored during the whole sensing process from the outermembrane layer formation step to the analyte binding steps.

When the OM particle was injected, the SPR signal was observed to haveincreased significantly increased during the incubation step as shown inFIG. 10 (a). After the washing step, the SPR signal by the OM layerpreparation was calculated to be 2.3 (A.U). Then, the anti-CRPantibodies were treated and the SPR signal was calculated to be 1.1(A.U). These results illustrates that the SPR signal could be monitoredduring the OM layer formation and during the followed immobilizationstep of antibodies, which indicates that the sensitive layer of SPRbiosensor was not saturated by the OM layer with Z-domain. This resultis coincident to the thickness estimation of the OM layer by AFManalysis.

For the demonstration of orientation control, another SPR biosensor withthe antibody-layer by physical adsorption of the anti-CRP antibodies wasprepared. Standard CRP samples were prepared in bovine serum andinjected to both biosensors. As shown in FIG. 10 (b), the SPR biosensorwith OM layer shows sensor response by the injection of CRP sample atthe concentration of 100 ng/ml, 1 μg/ml and 10 μg/ml. These results meanthat the LOD of OM layered SPR biosensor was estimated to be less than100 ng/ml.

In the case of SPR biosensor with the antibody-layer by physicaladsorption of anti-CRP antibodies, no measurable SPR signal was detectedby the injection of the above three standard CRP sample. This means thatthe LOD of the SPR biosensor with the antibody-layer by physicaladsorption is estimated to be more than 10 μg/ml. From the simplecomparison, the LOD of SPR biosensor with OM layer with Z-domain is morethan 100-fold sensitive than with the antibody-layer by physicaladsorption. Such difference in LOD's can be explained by the orientationand density control effects of the Z-domain on OM layer. As in the caseof microplate assay, the OM layer with Z-domain supplied more bindingsites than the antibody-layer by physical adsorption and the significantimprovement of the sensitivity of SPR biosensor was achieved.

As another demonstration of the orientation and density control effectsof the OM with Z-domain, SPR biosensor with anti-hlgG antibodies wereprepared by using the OM layer with Z-domain. The sensitivity wascompared with another SPR biosensor with the antibody-layer by physicaladsorption of the same antibody. As shown in FIG. 11, the LOD of SPRbiosensor with OM layer was estimated to have been improved more as muchas 200-fold compared to the SPR biosensor with the antibody-layer byphysical adsorption. These results can be also explained by theexceeding number of binding sites for the analyte, which was suppliedfrom the orientation and the density control effects of the OM layerwith Z-domain.

2.4 Conclusions

The immunoaffinity (IA) biosensors utilize the highly selective bindingaffinity of antibodies for the molecular recognition of a target analytein a complex mixture such as serum. For the sensitive detection of atarget analyte at a very low concentration, the antigen binding sites(F_(ab) region) of antibodies should be exposed to the analyte solution(‘orientation control’) and the antibodies should be immobilized with anhigh density (‘density control’). In this work, the Z-domain of proteinA was expressed as a recombinant-fusion protein on the outer membrane ofE. coli by using “Autodisplay” technology.

Such outer membrane of E. coli with autodisplayed Z-domain was isolatedand then layered on various hydrophobic surfaces including gold'ssurface. The effect of orientation control of antibodies wasdemonstrated by binding capacity of labeled antibodies. The OM layerprepared with the OM particle with Z-domain shows a strong greenfluorescence signal after treated with the fluorescein-labeledantibodies, whereas the OM layer prepared from intact E. coli (negativecontrol) shows no significant fluorescence signal. From these resultsthe OM layer with Z-domain was determined to have been effectivelylayered on the gold's surface. AFM analysis showed the interactionbetween antibodies and the OM layer, and the thickness of OM layer wasestimated to be less than 100 nm. For the evaluation of these effects,the immunoassay was carried out by using the antibody-layer of OM layerwith Z-domain and the antibody-layer by physical adsorption, and the LODwas calculated to be approximately 1.5 ng/ml and 25 ng/ml, respectively.These results indicate that the LOD of OM layer can improve thesensitivity up to 15-fold than the antibody-layer by physical adsorptionand that the OM layer with Z-domain has a significantly larger number ofanalyte binding sites at the same unit area by the orientation controleffect of Z-domain. For the feasibility test for IA biosensors, the OMlayer was formed on the SPR biosensor surface, and the detection ofC-reactive protein (CRP) and hlgG was demonstrated. From theseexperiments, the LOD of SPR biosensor was estimated to have improved asmuch as 100-fold in comparison to the SPR biosensor with theantibody-layer by physical adsorption.

Example 3 Hyper Sensitive Capacitive Biosensor by Using E.coli OuterMembrane Layer with Autodisplayed Z-Domains

A highly sensitive capacitive biosensor was developed by using E.coli'souter membrane (OM) layer with autodisplayed Z-domains which improvesthe sensitivity of the conventional immunoassays through the orientationcontrol of antibodies. The electric isolation of the OM layer was testedusing cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy, which are requiredfor capacitive measurement from non-faradaic current. The applicabilityof OM layer for the capacitive biosensor was demonstrated by detectinghorseradish peroxidase and C-reactive protein. The limit of detection(LOD) of the capacitive biosensors based on the OM layer was estimatedto be 10-fold higher than the conventional capacitive biosensors basedon self-assembled monolayer (SAM).

1. Introduction

The capacitive biosensors based on the interaction of highly specificantigen-antibody have been the field of interest because of the highsensitivity and relatively simple instrumentation [Mirsky et al., 1997;Berggren et al., 1998; Berggren et al., 1999; Berggren et al., 2001;Dijksma et al., 2001; Bard et al., 2001; Bart et al., 2005. Since thecapacitive signal is usually measured from the non-faradaic currentafter appling electric pulses, the faradaic current through a redoxreaction at the electrodes should be avoided by using an electricisolation layer [Berggren et al., 1998; Berggren et al., 1999; Berggrenet al]. Additionally, the electric isolation layer should be as thin aspossible for a sensitive capacitive measurement. [Hu et al., 2005; Li etal., 2005; Wu et al., 2005; Fu et al., 2007]. Therefore, the antibody(or antigen) layer of a capacitive biosensor should be prepared as thinas possible with the ability to maintain the electric isolation with thesample solution. From these requirements, the self-assembled monolayer(SAM) [Berggren et al.,1998; Berggren et al.,1999; Berggren et all aswell as various other chemical layers were applied to the capacitivebiosensors, such as o-aminobenzenthiol oligomer layer [Hu et al.,2005;Hu et al., 2002], electropolymerized layers [Li et al., 2005; Wu etal., 2005; Fu et al., 2007], plasma-polymerized ethylenediamine [Li etal., 2004], electrodeposited hydroxyapatite [Yang et al., 2005], andmolecularly imprinted sol-gel films [Yang et al., 2005, Zheng et al.,2006].

Examples 1 and 2 demonstrate that the outer membrane (OM) layer withautodisplayed Z-domains could improve the sensitivity of conventionalimmunoassays through the orientation control of the immobilizedantibodies.

In this example, a hyper sensitive capacitive biosensor is presented byusing the OM layer with autodisplayed Z-domains to immobilizeantibodies. As the first step, the feasibility was tested for thecapative measurement by analyzing the electrochemical properties of theOM layer with cyclic volatammetry and impedance spectroscopy. Then, thedetection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and C-reactive protein (CRP)[Nader et al., 2002] was demonstrated by using the capacitive biosensorbased on the OM layer.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Materials

C-reactive protein (CRP) and anti-CRP antibodies (polyclonal) werepurchased from AbCam (Cambridge, UK). Bovine serum albumin (BSA),horseradish peroxidase (HRP), anti-HRP antibodies (polyclonal),mercaptoundecanoic acid, N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide(EDC), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and all of the other chemicals inanalytical grade were bought from Sigma-Aldrich Korea (Seoul, Korea).

2.2 Electrode Preparation and Instrumentation

The working and the counter electrode with a gold layer (100 nm thick)was made on a highly P-doped silicon wafer (<10 mΩ·cm) by RF-sputtering.Then, the wafer was cut into electrodes with an area of 5×10 mm² byusing a wafer sawing system from Disco Co (Japan). The exposed surfacearea of the working electrode was adjusted to be approximately 10 mm² byusing a passivation layer. A flow-cell type electrode-holder with aninternal volume-capacity of 20 μl was made with flexi-glass. A sinteredAg/AgCl electrode with the diameter of 1 mm and the length of 5 mm fromWarner instruments (CT, USA) was integrated to the electrode-holder as apseudo reference electrode. The working electrode and the counterelectrode were combined into the electrode-holder. The liquid reagentswere treated to the electrode by using a peristaltic pump and the samplewas injected to the electrode by using a manual injection value fromRheodyne Co (CA, USA).

2.3 Capacitance Measurement

The chronoamperometric method was utilized to measure the capacitychange resulting from the specific binding of an analyte to theelectrode surface by using a commercial potentiostat from IVIUM Co(Netherlands). In this work, a potential step of 50 mV was applied to 0V for 10 ms, and then the potential was returned to 0 V. Then, thecurrent decay was measured for every 0.05 ms for 2 s [Bard et al.,2001;Hu et al., 2002], and the capacitance was analyzed by fitting thedecaying current curve: i(t)=u/R_(s)·exp(−t/R_(s)C_(d)), where i(t)represents the current at time t, u the amplitude of the potential pulseapplied, R_(s) the resistance of solution, C_(d) the total capacitancemeasured at the electrode/solution interface, and t the time elapsedafter the potential pulse was applied. To estimate the parameters, theformula was converted to have a linear relationship between In i(t) andt as follows: In i (t=ln(u/R_(s))+(−t/R_(s)C). From this linearcorrelation, the capacitance value was evaluated by extrapolating theslope and y-intercepts [Hu et al., 2005; Hu et al., 2002]. Since theimmunoaffinity biosensors measure the amount of the analyte adsorbed tothe immunoaffinity layer, several washing steps usually followed byincubation of the sample solution takes place in order to remove thenon-specifically bound proteins. The signal was calculated as thedifference with the previous measurement.

2.4 Preparation of Immunoaffinity Layer

The Z-domain was autodisplayed by using an autodisplay vectorconstructed as described in Example 1. The OM particle withautodisplayed Z-domains was isolated and the OM layer was prepared onthe gold electrode as described in Example 1. The antibodies (10 μg/ml)were immobilized to the OM layered electrode through incubation for 1 hrat room temperature. The SAM was prepared on a gold surface byincubating 10 mM mercaptoundecanoic acid solution in ethyl alcoholovernight. Then, the anti-HRP antibodies were immobilized by reactingEDC and NHS. The unreacted functional groups were blocked by treating 10mM ethylenediamine for 30 min.

3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Electrochemical Properties of OM Layer

In order to be applied to the measurement of non-faradaic current, theOM layer is required to have an electric isolation. In this work, thefeasibility the OM layer with Z-domains was analyzed by using cyclicvoltammetry (CV) and impedance spectroscopy analysis [Hu et al., 2005;Li et al.,2005; Wu et al., 2005; Fu et al., 2007; Hu et al., 2002; Li etal., 2004].

As shown in FIG. 27, the outer membrane layer coating a surface achieveselectric isolation. As shown in FIG. 12( a), CV diagrams with the redoxpeaks were obtained by using 10 mM Fe(CN)₆ ^(3−/4−) as a redox couple.As the concentration of the OM particles increased, the area of the CVdiagram was observed to decrease, and the redox peaks disappeared at theconcentration higher than 1 mg/ml. The total charge transfer wascalculated by integrating the CV diagram to be 20.9 mC, 11.4 mC, 5.0 mC,1.1 mC for the treatment of OM particles at the concentration of 1μg/ml, 10 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 1 mg/ml, respectively [Hamann et al., 1998].In the case of SAM (mercaptoundecanoic acid) and physically adsorbed HRPlayer, the total charge transfer was calculated to be 2.5 mC and 5.8 mC,respectively.

These results show that the OM layer formed by incubating the OMparticles at the concentration of 1 mg/ml could achieve far higherelectric isolation compared to the conventional SAM (mercaptoundecanoicacid).

From the impedance spectroscopy at the frequency range of 0.1 Hz-1 MHzwith an applied potential of 50 mV, Nyquist plot was obtained tocalculate the charge transfer resistance from the x-cut of thehemispheric response curve as shown in FIG. 12( b). The charge transferresistance indicated the resistance for the electrode to transfer acharge from the electrolyte through the OM layer, which was calculatedto be 152.1 kOhm/mm², 190.0 kOhm/mm², 221.6 kOhm/mm², 236.5 kOhm/mm²respectively, when the OM solutions with the concentration of 1 μg/ml,10 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 1 mg/ml were treated. In the case of SAM ofmercaptoundecanoic acid, the charge transfer resistance was measured tobe 214.3 kOhm/mm², which is a value high enough to measure thenon-faradaic current bychronoamperometry [Hu et al., 2005; Li et al.,2005; Wu et al., 2005]. These results also show that the OM layer couldachieve higher electric isolation than the conventional SAM(mercaptoundecanoic acid).

The optimum incubation time of the OM particle solution for the OM layerformation was also determined by CV analysis. As shown in FIG. 12 (c),the integrated area of CV diagram was observed to change according tothe incubation time of the OM particle solution at the concentration of1 mg/ml. The total charge transfer for the OM layers was calculated tobe 14.2 mC, 1.3 mC and 0.6 mC when the OM particles was treated for 1hr, 2 hrs, 3 hrs, respectively. From this CV analysis, the optimumtreatment time was calculated to be 2 hrs at which the redox peaks werenot observed.

3.2 Capacitive Measurement of Affinity Binding to OM Layer

In this Example, the antibody layer was prepared to the autodisplayedZ-domains at the OM layer for the capacitive measurement of the analyteconcentration (see Example 1). As demonstrated in Examples 1 and 2, suchOM layers with autodisplayed Z-domains could significantly increase thesensitivity of immunoassay through the orientation control ofantibodies.

To compare the orientation control effect of autodisplayed Z-domains,randomly-oriented antibody layers were also prepared by physicaladsorption and SAM of mercaptoundecanoic acid as shown in FIG. 13. Thephysically adsorbed antibody layer was produced by incubating antibodysolution on the gold electrode. In the case of SAM, the antibodies wereimmobilized through covalent bonding by using the coupling reagentsEDC/NHS [Mirsky et al., 1997; Berggren et al.,1998; Dijksma et al.,2001]. The immobilization of antibodies to the autodisplayed Z-domainswere carried out at the optimum conditions determined in Examples 1 and2. The OM layer from intact E.coli was used as a negative control tomeasure the non-specific binding of proteins. As the first step, theelectric isolation of each antibody layers was evaluated from the chargetransfer resistance to be 263.51 kohm/mm², 314.30 kohm/mm² and 410.34kohm/mm² for the antibody layers of physical adsorption, SAM and OMlayer with Z-domains, respectively. These results show that the electricisolation by the OM layer with immobilized antibodies has higherelectric isolation than the conventional antibody layers.

The capacitive measurement was performed by using HRP as a modelanalyte, and anti-HRP antibodies were immobilized on the gold electrodeby bonding to the autodisplayed Z-domains on OM layer. As shown in FIG.13, the LOD was estimated to be 10 pg/ml, 1 pg/ml and 100 fg/ml for theantibody layers by physical adsorption, SAM, and OM layer withZ-domains, respectively. These results indicate that the LOD has beenimproved 10-fold by using the OM layer with autodisplayed Z-domainscompared to the capacitive biosensor based on SAM. The sensitivity ofthis capacitive biosensor was also observed to have improved at eachanalyte (HRP) concentration in comparison to the capacitive biosensorbased on SAM.

The capacitive biosensors were applied to detect C-reactive protein(CRP) which was reported to be an early biomarker for variousinflammatory diseases [Nader et al., 2002]. The capacitive biosensorswere prepared by immobilizing anti-CRP antibodies. As shown in FIG. 14,the sensitivity of the capacitive biosensor based on the OM layer withZ-domains was observed to have improved at each CRP concentration incomparison to the capacitive biosensor based on the SAM electrode. TheLOD was estimated to be 100 pg/ml, 10 pg/ml and 1 pg/ml for thecapacitive biosensors based on physically adsorbed antibody layer, SAMand OM layer with Z-domains, respectively. These results show that theOM layer with Z-domains can significantly improve the sensitivity of thecapacitive biosensor through the orientation control of antibodies.

Conclusions

A highly sensitive capacitive biosensor was developed by using E.coliouter membrane (OM) layer with autodisplayed Z-domains. As illustratedin the Examples 1 and 2, OM layer with autodisplayed Z-domains couldimprove sensitivity of immunoassays through the orientation control ofthe immobilized antibodies. In this Example, the electric properties ofthe OM layer were tested to be feasible for the capacitive measurementby cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. By using horseradishperoxidase (HRP) as a model analyte, the limit of detection (LOD) wasestimated to be 100 fg/ml which shows a 10-fold improved LOD incomparison to the capacitive biosensor with antibody layers immobilizedto SAM. The LOD of the detection of C-reactive protein (CRP) was also10-fold improved compared to the capacitive biosensor using SAM. Theseresults demonstrate that the OM layer with Z-domains could significantlyimprove the sensitivity of the capacitive biosensor through theorientation control of antibodies.

Example 4 Autodisplay of Streptavidin

Streptavidin was expressed on the outer membrane of E.coli as arecombinant fusion protein with an autotransporter domain called AIDA-I(adhesin involved in diffuse adherence) by using autodisplay technology.The autodisplay of streptavidin was confirmed by SDS-PAGE of the outermembrane proteins, and the number of autodisplayed streptavidinmolecules on a single E.coli cell was evaluated by using densitometricanalysis. The biotin-binding activity of the autodisplayed streptavidinwas estimated after treatment of fluorescence labeled biotins by usingfluorescence microscope and flow cytometric analysis. The biotin-bindingactivity of the E.coli with autodisplayed streptavidins was estimated bycomparing with the streptavidin immobilized magnetic beads. Finally, theouter membrane with autodisplayed streptavidins was isolated and layeredon a 96-well microplate for the application to immunoassays.

1. Introduction

The autodisplay technology is a kind of surface display method ofproteins or peptides to the outer membrane of E.coli. In the autodisplaytechnology, proteins or peptides are expressed as a fusion protein withan autotransporter domain called AIDA-I (adhesin involved in diffuseadherence) from E.coli [Benz et al., 1992]. As shown in FIG. 15, therecombinant fusion protein was made by introducing the coding sequenceof passenger protein in-frame between the signal peptide and thetranslocating domain of the transformation vector [Maurer et al.,1997;Maurer et al., 1999]. The C-terminal part of the autotransporter proteinforms a porin-like structure (β-barrel) within the outer membrane ofGram-negative bacteria, and the recombinant passenger domain wastranslocated to the surface through this pore [Jose et al., 1995; Joseet al., 2005; Jose et al., 2006; Jose et al., 2007]. Such autodisplaysystem was reported to express more than 10⁵ recombinant molecules onthe outer membrane of a single E.coli cell [Jose et al., 2001].

In this Example, the autodisplay of streptavidin is presented, which isa protein with a well-known biotin-binding activity. Streptavidin isknown to be a tetrameric biotin binding protein with a biotin bindingsites at each subunit. The streptavidin shows unusually high affinitiesto biotin (Kd=10¹³-10¹⁵ M) and this non-covalent interaction isconsidered to be almost irreversible [Green et al.,1975; Green etal.,1990], and such a tight binding has been used for many in vitro andin vivo applications [Wilchek et al., 1988; Bayer et al., 1990; Chen etal., 2000; Qureshi et al., 2002; Howarth et al., 2006]. In this work,the autodisplay of streptavidin was confirmed by the analysis of outermembrane proteins with SDS-PAGE, and the number of autodisplayedstreptavidin molecules on a single E.coli cell was evaluated by usingdensitometric analysis by comparison with a reference protein of theE.coli outer membrane called OmpA. The biotin-binding activity of theautodisplayed streptavidin was estimated after treatment of fluorescencelabeled biotins by using a fluorescence microscope and flow cytometricanalysis. The biotin-binding activity of the E.coli with autodisplayedstreptavidins was compared with similar sized magnetic beads withcovalently immobilized streptavidins. The outer membrane withautodisplayed streptavidin was isolated and layered on 96-wellmicroplate and the biotin-binding activity was estimated to determinethe applicability to immunoassays.

2. Materials and Methods

Construction of a Plasmid for the Surface Display of Streptavidin

The streptavidin gene was amplified by PCR from the plasmid pET-28a, andprimers with adhesive restriction sites for XhoI and KpnI were used tomake the following sequences: (forward) 5″-CTC GAG GAC CCC TCC AAG GACTCG AAG-3″ and (reverse) 5″-GGT ACC CTG CTG AAC GGC GTC GAG CG-3″ (SigmaAldrich, Munich, Germany). The PCR product (487 base pairs) was firstinserted into the TOPO 4.0 vector (Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany)according to the manufacturer's guide. Then, the insert was excised byKpnI and XhoI (New England Biolabs, Frankfurt, Germany) and it wasconfirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The fragments encodingstreptavidin were extracted from the gel (Qiaquick Gel Extraction Kit,Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), and then ligated into the plasmid pET-ADX-04which was restricted by XhoI/KpnI [Jose et al., 2002]. To avoidreligation of pET-ADX-04, Bgl II was added to the ligation mixture inorder to cut the gene fragment encoding Adx. The plasmid was finallyverified by DNA sequence analysis and was named to be pST001.

Surface Display of Streptavidin

The plasmid pST001 was transformed to E.coli UT5600 (DE3) (F⁻, ara-14,leuB6, secA6, lacY1, proC14, tsx-67, Δ (ompT-fepC) 266, entA403, trpE38,rfbD1, rpsL109 (Str⁻), xyl-5, mtl-1, thi-1) (Jose et al., 1996) byelectroporation. E.coli UT5600 (DE3) pST001 cells were routinely grownovernight at 37° C. and continuously shaken (200 rpm) inLysogeny-Broth-medium (LB-Medium) containing carbenicillin having theconcentration of 50 mg/l. Cells were grown until the optical density of0.5 at the wavelength of 578 nm (OD_(578 nm) 0.5) was reached. Proteinexpression was induced by treatment of 1 mM IPTG and subsequentincubation for 1 h at 30° C. with vigorous shaking (200 rpm) [Maurer etal., 1997].

Flow Cytometric Analysis

E.coli UT5600 (DE3) pST001 and E.coli UT5600 (DE3) were routinely grownas described above. For the flow cytometric analysis, protein expressionstarted at the E.coli concentration of OD_(578nm) 0.3-0.4, and 1 ml ofthe culture was harvested. After the following washing steps, 1) 5%bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS, and then 2) two times washing withPBS and resuspended in 100 μl PBS, 15 mM biotinylated fluoresceinsolution (2 μl) was treated (Sigma Aldrich, Munich, Germany). Afterrepeating the washing steps twice with PBS, the solutions were filtered.For each FACS analysis, 50,000 cells were analysed with a flow cytometerat the excitation wavelength of 496 nm (Cyflow, Partec, Münster,Germany).

Outer Membrane Preparation

The outer membrane of E.coli cells were prepared as described inExample 1. The E.coli cells were grown overnight and this culture (1 ml)was used to inoculate fresh LB medium (20 ml). The E.coli cells wereincubated at 37° C. with vigorous shaking (200 rpm) for about 5 hr until0D_(578 nm) 0.5 was reached. Then, the E.coli cells were harvested andthe outer membranes were prepared according to the rapid isolationmethod of Hantke [Hantke et al., 1981], using modifications bySchultheiss et al., 2002.

SDS-PAGE and Densitometric Analysis

The outer membrane protein was analyzed by using 12.5% SDS-PAGE. Afterelectrophoresis, proteins were visualized by staining with Coomassiebrilliant blue, and the density of each band was estimated using adocumentation system (ChemiDoc XRS™) and an analysis program(Quantity-One™) from BioRad Laboratories.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1 Autodisplay of Streptavidin

The number of autodisplayed streptavidin molecules per E.coli cell wascalculated from SDS-PAGE of outer membrane proteins as shown in FIG. 16.As expected from the specification of the E.coli strain of UT5600 (F−ara14 leuB6 azi-6 lacY1 proC14 tsx-67 entA403 trpE38 rfbD1 rpsL109 xyl-5mtl-1 thi1, ΔompT-fepC266), the protein bands of autodisplayedstreptavidin did not appear as shown in lane 1. In the case of theUT5600(DE3) transformed with the autodisplay vector pST001, the proteinband of autodisplayed streptavidin with a molecular weight (69.2 kDa)was observed as shown in Lane 2. As the expression level of the outermembrane protein called OmpA of the E.coli strain of UT5600 is known tobe approximately 10⁵ copies per an E.coli cell [Koebnik et al., 2000],the number of the autodisplayed streptavidin molecules were evaluated bynormalizing the intensity of protein bands in the SDS-PAGE gel. Fromsuch densitometric calculation, the number of streptavidin per E.colicell was estimated to be 1.6×10⁵ molecules/cell.

The biotin-binding activity of autodisplayed streptavidins was tested bytreatment of biotinylated fluorescein. The E.coli cells at theconcentration of OD₅₇₈ 1.0 (200 μl) was treated with biotinylatedfluorescein at the concentration of 100 μg/ml (100 μl), and then 10 μlof the biotinylated E.coli solution was used after diluted 10-fold withPBS. As shown in FIG. 17, the E.coli with autodisplayed streptavidinshowed intensive fluorescence signals, which indicated the binding ofbiotinylated fluorescein. In the case of intact E.coli cells, nosignificant fluorescence signal was observed under the fluorescencemicroscope. This result indicated that μthe autodisplayed streptavidinson the outer membrane of E.coli had the biotin-binding activity.

The biotin-binding activity of the autodisplayed streptavidins was alsotested by flow cytometric analysis. The E.coli with autodisplayedstreptavidin and the intact E.coli of UT5600 were also stained with thebiotinylated fluorescein. As shown in FIG. 17, the intact E.coli cellswere observed at the low fluorescence signal range. On the other hand,most of the E.coli cells with the autodisplayed streptavidin wereobserved at the higher fluorescence signal range than the intact E.colicells. The ratio of the intact E.coli and the E.coli with theautodisplayed streptavidin over the level of 10 (arbitrary unit) wasestimated to be less than 5% and more than 95% among total number ofE.coli cells, respectively. These results meant that the yield of E.coliwith the autodisplayed streptavidin was more than 95%.

3.2. Activity of E.coli Outer Membrane Layer with AutodisplayedStreptavidins

The applicability of E.coli cells with the autodisplayed streptavidinswas tested as a solid support of immunoassays. The biotin-bindingactivity of autodisplayed strepatavidin on the outer membrane of E.coliwas compared with the streptavidin coated magnetic particles with adiameter of 1 μm. A magnetic bead with amino groups on the surface(Micromod GmbH, Germany) was used for the covalent immobilization ofstreptavidins by reacting glutaraldehyde. Different amount ofstreptavidin was immobilized to the magnetic beads by treatment of themagnetic beads with different concentration of streptavidin solution.After blocking with BSA (10 mg/ml), the magnetic beads were treated withbiotinylated HRP at the concentration of 1 μg/ml. For the quantificationof the bound biotinylated HRP, the chromogenic substrate (TMB) wastreated, and then 2 M sulfuric acid was used to quench the HRP reaction.As shown in FIG. 19 (a), the maximum activity of the magnetic beads wasobtained by treatment of the magnetic beads with the streptavidinsolution at the concentration of 80-90 ng/ml.

The E.coli cells with autodisplayed streptavidins were compared with thestreptavidin coated magnetic beads. The amount of E.coli was adjusted tohave the same total surface area as the compared magnetic beads. TheE.coli cell was assumed to have a cylinderic structure with the lengthof 2 μm and the diameter of 1 μm [Kubitschek et al., 1990]. In this casethe surface area of a single E.coli cell was calculated to be 7.85 μm².For each measurement, approximately 120 μl of E.coli solution at theconcentration of OD₅₇₈ 1.0 was used, which corresponded to the surfacearea of a single well of a 96-well microplate (flat bottom) with 100 μlof an aqueous solution. As shown in FIG. 19 (b), the assay curve ofE.coli with the autodisplayed streptavidins reached saturation at thebiotinylated HRP concentration of 300 ng/ml. In the case of magneticbeads with the maximum biotin-binding activity () showed the saturationat the biotinylated HRP concentration of 100 ng/ml. This result impliedthat the E.coli with autodisplayed streptavidins had at leastthree-times higher surface concentration of streptavidins than themagnetic bead of the maximum surface concentration of streptavidin asshown in FIG. 19( a). The relatively lower biotin-binding activity ofthe E.coli cells at low concentration of biotin in comparison withmagnetic beads could be explained by the lower mobility of E.coli in thereaction step (by slow mixing) than the magnetic beads from (1) therelatively lower density than magnetic beads and (2) the unsymetricstructure of E.coli cells. Therefore, the possibility for the surfacebound streptavidins to meet biotin in the solution was expected to berelatively lower for E.coli cells than the magnetic beads.

In Examples 1 and 2, it is demonstrated that the outer membrane ofE.coli can be separated and layered on a microplate with the conservedorientation of outer membrane by using hydrophobic interactions. In thisExample, the outer membrane with autodisplayed streptavidins was alsoprepared as described in Example 1, and the outer membrane layer wasprepared on a 96-well microplate by incubating the separated outermembrane solution at the concentration of OD₅₇₈ 1.0 for 3 hrs at roomtemperature. The biotin-binding activity of the outer membrane layerwith autodisplayed streptavidins was estimated by treatment ofbiotinylated HRP, followed by the chromogenic reaction of TMB. As shownin FIG. 20, the outer membrane layer with autodisplayed streptavidinsshowed a dynamic range of biotin-binding activity from 1 ng/ml to 300ng/ml. This range was very similar value to that of the E.coli cellbased assay in FIG. 19 (b). The outer membrane layer of intact E.colishowed nearly baseline signal for the whole range of the biotinylatedHRP which indicated very low, non-specific binding of proteins to theE.coli outer membrane.

These results show that the outer membrane layer with autodisplayedstreptavidin has the biotin-binding activity as high as the streptavidinon the autodisplayed E.coli cells and that the outer membrane layerprepared on the microplate can be directly applied for immunoassays.

Conclusions

In this Example, the autodisplay of streptavidin was presented. For theconfirmation of the autodisplayed streptavidin, the outer membraneprotein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE, and the number of streptavidinmolecules on a single E.coli cell was estimated to be 1.6×10⁵molecules/cell by using densitometric analysis. The biotin-bindingactivity of the autodisplayed streptavidin was estimated after treatingfluorescence labeled biotins by using a fluorescence microscopy. Fromthe FACS analysis, the efficiency of autodisplay process was evaluatedto be more than 95%. The biotin-binding activity of the E.coli withautodisplayed streptavidins was compared with similar sized magneticbeads with covalently immobilized streptavidins. The outer membrane withautodisplayed streptavidin was isolated and layered on 96-wellmicroplate and the biotin-binding activity was estimated to determinewhether it is applicapable to immunoassays.

Example 5 Analysis of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient Sera

Comparison of ELISA test employing anti-CRP antibodies, and a directtest according to the present invention employing carriers, as describedin Example 1. Briefly, anti-CRP antibodies have been immobilized in thewells of a microplate coated with the outer membrane with autodisplayedZ domains under conditions providing orientation control, as describedin Example 1.

Test sera have been obtained from 45 rheumatoid arthritis positivepatients (termed 1 to 45) and 15 control patients (termed N1 to N15). Inthe direct test, C-reactive protein (CRP) could be detected with animproved sensitivity, compared with a standard ELISA test, as indicatedby increased optical density (FIG. 23).

Example 6 Detection of S100B Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid

S100B in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) correlates with brain atrophy inAlzheimer disease (Petzold et al, 2003). Furthermore, patients withschizophrenia had significantly higher levels of S100B in CSF (Steineret al., 2006). S100B is thus of value in the diagnosis of Alzheimerdisease and schizophrenia.

In the present example, sensors are compared comprising IgG antibodiesdirected against S100B immobilized upon a bare gold surface, on SAM(mercaptoundecanoic acid), and on a surface comprising an OM layercomprising the Z domain of protein A, as described in Example 1. Forcontrol purposes a sensor comprising an OM layer without Z domains isemployed.

FIG. 28 demonstrates that a sensor of the present invention provides animproved sensitivity compared with bare gold surface sensors and SAMsensors in a capacitance recording. Capacitance recording is performedas described in Example 3. The limit of detection (LOD) is improved by afactor of 10 compared with the SAM surface and a factor of 100 comparedwith the gold surface.

By comparison with standard sensors based upon a bare gold surface, FIG.29 demonstrates that sensors of the present invention can successfullyemployed for diagnostic purposes, such as S100B determination in patientCSF. S100B concentrations obtained by the sensor of the presentinvention are confirmed by the standard sensor.

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1-25. (canceled)
 26. A method for binding a recombinant polypeptide to acarrier, wherein a layer is bound to a carrier, and the layer comprisesa recombinant polypeptide on the surface distal to the carrier, saidmethod comprising the steps: (a) providing a host cell transformed witha nucleic acid fusion operatively linked with an expression controlsequence, said nucleic acid fusion comprising: (i) a portion encoding asignal peptide, (ii) a portion encoding the recombinant polypeptide tobe displayed, (iii) a portion encoding a transmembrane linker, and (iv)a portion encoding the transporter domain of an autotransporter, (b)culturing the host cell under conditions wherein the nucleic acid fusionis expressed and the expression product comprising the recombinantpolypeptide is displayed on the surface of the host cell, and (c)preparing membrane particles from the host cell of (b), (d) contactingthe membrane particles prepared in step (c) with a surface of a carrierso that the membrane particles form a layer bound to the surface,wherein the recombinant polypeptide is located on the surface distal tothe carrier.
 27. A method for producing a carrier, wherein a layer isbound to a carrier, and the layer comprises a recombinant polypeptide onthe surface distal to the carrier, said method comprising the steps: (a)providing a host cell transformed with a nucleic acid fusion operativelylinked with an expression control sequence, said nucleic acid fusioncomprising: (i) a portion encoding a signal peptide, (ii) a portionencoding the recombinant polypeptide to be displayed, (iii) a portionencoding a transmembrane linker, and (iv) a portion encoding thetransporter domain of an autotransporter, (b) culturing the host cellunder conditions wherein the nucleic acid fusion is expressed and theexpression product comprising the recombinant polypeptide is displayedon the surface of the host cell, and (c) preparing membrane particlesfrom the host cell of (b), (d) contacting the membrane particlesprepared in step (c) with a surface of a carrier so that the membraneparticles form a layer bound to the surface, wherein the recombinantpolypeptide is located on the surface distal to the carrier.
 28. Themethod according to claim 26, wherein the membrane particles are outermembrane particles.
 29. The method according to claim 26, wherein themembrane particles form a hydrophilic surface.
 30. The method accordingto claim 26, wherein the surface of the carrier is a hydrophobicsurface, preferably with a contact angle of at least 40°.
 31. The methodaccording to claim 26, wherein the surface of the carrier is selectedfrom (a) metal surfaces, (b) surfaces comprising a polymer. (c)C18-modified particles, in particular C18-modified monolithic silicaparticles, and (d) latex particles, in particular latex beads.
 32. Themethod according to claim 26, wherein contacting the membrane particleswith the surface is performed in a hydrophilic medium.
 33. The methodaccording to claim 26 wherein the host cell is a bacterium.
 34. Themethod according to claim 26 wherein the transporter domain of theautotransporter forms a β-barrel structure.
 35. The method according toclaim 26 wherein the transporter domain of the autotransporter isselected from Ssp, Ssp-h1, Ssp-h2, PspA, PspB, Ssa1, SphB1, AspA/NaIP,VacA, AIDA-I, IcsA, MisL, TibA, Ag43, ShdA, AutA, Tsh, SepA, EspC, EspP,Pet, Pic, SigA, Sat, Vat, EpeA, EatA, EspI, EaaA, EaaC, Pertactin, BrkA,Tef, Vag8, PmpD, Pmp20, Pmp21, IgA1 protease, App, Hap, rOmpA, rOmpB,ApeE, EstA, Lip-1, McaP, BabA, SabA, AlpA, Aae, NanB, and variantsthereof.
 36. The method according to claim 26, wherein the recombinantpolypeptide is selected from antibodies, fragments and variants thereof,protein A, fragments and variants thereof, streptavidin, fragments andvariants thereof, avidin, fragments and variants thereof, M proteinsfrom Streptococci, fragments and variants thereof, protein G, fragmentsand variants thereof.
 37. The method according to claim 26, wherein therecombinant polypeptide is selected from receptors, ligands, andenzymes.
 38. The method according to claim 26, further comprisingbinding a binding molecule to the carrier, wherein the binding moleculespecifically binds to the recombinant polypeptide.
 39. The methodaccording to claim 26, wherein the carrier is a biosensor, in particularan SPR biosensor or a capacitive biosensor.
 40. A carrier comprising arecombinant polypeptide in a layer, wherein said layer is bound to thecarrier and wherein said layer comprises the recombinant polypeptide onthe surface distal to the carrier and membrane components of a host cellexpressing the recombinant polypeptide.
 41. The carrier according toclaim 40, wherein the layer is bound to a surface of the carrier, andwherein the surface is selected from metal surfaces, polymeric surfacesand glass surfaces.
 42. The carrier according to claim 40, wherein therecombinant polypeptide is selected from antibodies, fragments andvariants thereof, protein A, fragments and variants thereof,streptavidin, fragments and variants thereof, avidin, fragments andvariants thereof, M proteins from Streptococci, fragments and variantsthereof, protein G, fragments and variants thereof.
 43. The carrieraccording to claim 40, wherein the recombinant polypeptide is selectedfrom receptors, ligands, and enzymes.
 44. The carrier according to claim40, further comprising a binding molecule specifically bound to therecombinant polypeptide.
 45. The carrier according to claim 40, which isa biosensor, in particular an SPR biosensor or a capacitive biosensor.46. Use of a host cell displaying a recombinant polypeptide on thesurface, in the manufacture of a carrier comprising a recombinantpolypeptide, wherein the recombinant polypeptide is capable ofspecifically binding a binding molecule or/and an analyte.
 47. Use of amembrane preparation comprising a recombinant polypeptide in themanufacture of a carrier comprising a recombinant polypeptide.
 48. Adiagnostic method for determination of C reactive protein (CRP),comprising determining the amount of CRP in a sample from a patient,wherein said determining is performed with the carrier of claim 40, inparticular with a biosensor, wherein the presence of CRP indicates aninflammatory disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis.
 49. A diagnosticmethod for determination of S100B protein, comprising determining of theamount of S100B in a sample from a patient, wherein said determining isperformed with the carrier of claim 40, in particular with a biosensor,wherein the presence of S100B indicates schizophrenia or/and Alzheimerdisease.
 50. Use of a carrier of claim 40 for detecting an analyte in asample.